This study designed to evaluate the relationship between physical activity status and dietary habits with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 207 medical students (107 female, 100 male) aged 15-25 years were recruited. Physical activity level and dietary habits assessed by Arab teens lifestyle study questionnaire. Risk of CVD was determined by Framingham, ASSIGN and British National Formulary scoring systems. Results: In the present study the incidence of CVD was higher in males than females. Female spending more time in sedentary behaviour than male. The incidence of different CVD was higher in male and female that spending more time in sedentary behaviour. Sedentary time, sugary drinks, French fries, potato chips intake were positively correlated with CVD. Eating fresh fruits, energy drinks and dairy products negatively correlated with CVD. Conclusion: The risk of CVD is higher among male and increase in both sex with physical inactivity and sedentary life style. Sedentary behaviours regarded as independent risk factors for CVD. High sugary diet increases the incidence of CVD and dairy products decrease the incidence of CVD.

Ideal body weight with proper physical activity and good sleep are essential parameters for good quality of life. This study is concerned with assessing the association of general obesity, physical activity and sleeping hours with hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) parameters in healthy adults in Sudan. In this cross sectional study, 1086 healthy adults between 20 and 60 years were included out of which 275 were males and 811 were females. A complete blood count (CBC) was performed for Hb, RBC count, PCV, MCH and MCHC using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. The median and 95 percentile (2.5th to 97.5th) range values for Hb and RBC count in underweight were 13.0 (Range: 9.6-16.7) g/dl and 4.6 (Range: 3.6-5.8) ×1000/µL respectively, while Hb and RBC count in obese were 13.1 (Range: 10.4-17.0) g/dl and 4.6 (Range: 3.7-5.9) ×1000/µL respectively, with no significant difference. The RBC count (p=0.004) and Hb (p≤0.001) were significantly high in physically active compared to physically inactive participants; whereas the hemoglobin concentration (p=0.047), red blood cells (p=0.007) and hematocrit (p≤0.001) values were significantly low in long-term sleep compared to normal sleeping hours. In conclusion, there were no significant differences in hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, PCV, MCH and MCHC between under weight, normal weight, overweight and obese persons. Increased physical activity was associated with higher Hb levels and RBC counts, while long-term sleep showed lower Hb and RBCs.

Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases are the most prevalent metabolic disorders in Sudan. The value of HbA1C reflects the glycemic status over the last 2-3 months. So, in this study, an insight for thyroid hormone regulation of glucose metabolism is investigated. Is to study the association between thyroid hormones levels, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c in healthy adults.Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in a healthy Sudanese cohort in the period between September 2017 to November 2018, involving 610 healthy adult Sudanese aged 20 to 60 years. HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS), T3, T4 and TSH were measured.Results: The study results demonstrated a significant association between the median concentration of T3 and T4 with plasma level of HbA1c. A significant linear correlation between serum concentration of T3 and fasting blood sugar (FBS) was observed. Inverse correlation was detected between serum TSH and HbA1c, FBS in study population.Conclusions: The present study concluded that FBS and HbA1c levels were increased with increasing of both T3 and T4. Based on this study all the thyroid patients’ especially hyperthyroid patients should have regular checkup of their glucose levels.

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The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases after menopause and may be due to changes in the plasma lipid-lipoprotein levels that occur following menopausal transition. Physiological estrogen withdrawal during menopause plays a major role in abnormal lipid metabolism such as elevated low-density lipoprotein concentration. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dyslipidemia and the causative factors of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. In this cross-sectional study, 290 postmenopausal Sudanese women were included. Lipid profiles were measured by spectrophotometer, estrogen hormone determined by ELISA, insulin resistance determined by HOMA-2 calculator and lipid accumulation product was calculated by the following equation (waist circumference in cm X triglyceride concentration in mM). The results revealed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein levels and very low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MS) in comparison to those without the MS. Elevated total cholesterol levels were seen in 51.7 %, elevated triglycerides were seen in 49.7% and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels were seen in 29.3% whereas reduced high density lipoprotein levels were seen in 16.89% of the postmenopausal women. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein values showed a significant positive correlation with insulin resistance and lipid accumulation and a significant negative correlation with the estrogen hormone level. In addition, high density lipoproteins showed a significant negative correlation with lipid accumulation levels.