SIGNIFICANCE • Our article provides a comprehensive review of the medications implicated in drug-associated bullous pemphigoid with detailed accounts of the associated pathomechanisms. • Having read this article, clinicians will be capable of suspecting and diagnosing drug-associated bullous pemphigoid, enabling prompt management to be implemented. Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune subepithelial disease characterised by pruritus followed by urticarial plaques and finally bullae on the skin and mucosa. Drug-associated bullous pemphigoid (DABP) is a term used to describe instances of bullous pemphigoid demonstrating clinical, histological, or immunopathological features identical or similar to those of the idiopathic form of bullous pemphigoid, associated with the systemic ingestion, or topical application of particular drugs. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines and a total of 170 publications were included in the final qualitative analysis. In conclusion, 89 drugs were implicated in DABP. The strongest evidence for DABP is seen with gliptins, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, loop diuretics, penicillin and derivatives. An appreciation of the medications associated with bullous pemphigoid enables clinicians to identify potential cases of DABP earlier and cease the offending medication.

ÖzAmaç: Sensorinöral işitme kaybı, otoimmün ve inflamatuvar hastalıkların bir komplikasyonu olarak ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Psoriasis toplumda yaygın olarak görülmesine rağmen, odyolojik bozukluklar ile ilişkisi hakkında literatürdeki bilgiler sınırlıdır ve vestibüler bozukluklarla ilişkisi daha önce araştırılmamıştır. Biz de bu çalışmamızda, psoriasis hastalarında odyovestibüler bozuklukların varlığını ve hastalık parametreleri ile ilişkisini araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntemler: Altmış bir psoriasis hastası ile yaş ve cinsiyet uyumlu 61 sağlıklı gönüllü çalışmaya dahil edildi. İşitme ve denge bozukluğuna yol açabilecek olası etiyolojik faktörlere sahip olanlar çalışmaya dahil edilmedi. Tüm katılımcılara öncelikle tam bir kulak, burun ve boğaz muayenesi yapıldı. Takiben hastalara ses izolasyonu sağlanmış odyoloji laboratuvarında tam odyolojik tetkik (saf ses odyometri, otoakustik emisyon, stapes refleksi, konuşmayı alma ve ayırt etme eşiği saptanması) ve elektronistagmografi testleri yapıldı. Psoriasis hastalık şiddeti psoriasis alan ve şiddet indeksi, vücut yüzey alanı ve araştırmacının genel değerlendirmesi ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Odyometrik testlerde hasta ve kontroller arasında anlamlı farklılık saptandı.Objective: Sensorineural hearing loss can occur as a complication of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Although psoriasis is also a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by T-cell mediated hyper proliferation of the keratinocytes, the information about the relationship between audiological disorders is limited in the literature and the relationship with vestibular disorders has not been investigated before. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of audiovestibular disorders and their relationship with disease parameters. Methods: Sixty-one patients with psoriasis and 61 healthy individuals were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. Those with possible etiologic factors that may lead to hearing and balance disorders were not included in the study. All participants were first performed a full ear, nose and throat examination. Subsequently, full audiological examination (pure audiometry, autoacoustic emission, stapes reflex, detection threshold of speech and discrimination) and electronystagmography tests were performed in the audiology laboratory where sound isolation was provided. Psoriasis severity was assessed by psoriasis area and severity index, body surface area and general evaluation of researcher. Results: There were significant differences between patients and controls in terms of audiovestibular symptoms. According to audiograms, predominant bilateral sensorineural hearing loss was detected in high frequency in psoriasis patients. The vestibular abnormalities in patients with psoriasis were found to be more frequent than those in controls, only saccadic test values were observed as statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that audiovestibular abnormalities are significantly associated with psoriasis. Therefore, patients with psoriasis s...

Background Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) treatment for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been increasingly used, yet there remains a dearth of data on the effectiveness of this approach. Aim To compare the efficacy and safety of physically activated PRP injections vs placebo in the treatment of male AGA. Methods Twenty‐five healthy male patients with AGA were enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study with the treatments of PRP and placebo. Treatment efficacy was measured by calculating the hair density as the average of two independent blind measurements. Results In the group that received placebo first (Group 2), we detected a significant increase in hair density at the secondary endpoints after PRP treatment (P = .014). There was a greater proportion of patients with low‐grade alopecia in this group (53.3%) compared to Group 1 (30%). Conclusion This study provides data supporting the positive effects of PRP treatment on AGA in males, but further studies are needed to identify those factors that might affect PRP treatment performance, such as the stage of the disease.

Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a rare, chronic, and occlusive disease of the veins supplying the upper parts of the skin. The pathogenesis of the disease is not precisely understood, and its attacks are often unpredictable but tend to worsen during the summer. LV affects women more often. This increased risk for LV in women might be related to sex-specific physiological conditions, such as pregnancy, or a higher incidence of LV-associated conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, hypercoagulable states, and venous stasis in women. The typical clinical appearance of LV consists of three main findings: livedo racemose, atrophie blanche, and skin ulcers. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to analyze LV in all aspects and mainly focus on early diagnosis for successful clinical management with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. A detailed history, dermatological examination, and laboratory testing are essential for a diagnosis of LV. When LV is clinically suspected, a skin biopsy should be taken to confirm the diagnosis. Another critical step is to investigate the underlying associated conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, hypercoagulable states, thrombophilia, and malignancy. Unfortunately, no associated conditions can be detected in approximately 20% of all cases (idiopathic LV) despite all efforts. The diagnosis of the disease is delayed in most patients. Thus, irreversible, permanent scars appear. Early and appropriate treatment reduces pain and prevents the development of scars and other complications. Antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants can be preferred as the first-line treatments along with general supportive measures. Other therapeutic options might be considered in unresponsive cases. Preference for refractory cases is based on availability, clinical experience, and patient-related factors (comorbidities, age, sex, and compliance). These include anabolic steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, psoralen-ultraviolet A, vasodilators, fibrinolytics, immunomodulators, and immunosuppressives.

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