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Strength and permeability of sand-bentonite mixtures are of main concern, particularly in liner design. This study presents the results obtained from an experimental investigation of strength and permittivity of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures in the presence of water-reducing admixture of lignosulfonate. For this, sand-bentonite mixtures containing 4, 8, 12, 16% of bentonite were subjected to standard Proctor tests, to obtain the optimum water content and maximum void ratio of the mixtures. Similar specimens were prepared by partially replacing 0.5, 1 and 2% of water in the mixture with lignosulfonate. Additional specimens containing 16% of bentonite were prepared with 5% deviation towards the wet and dry sides of optimum water content, which was partially replaced with lignosulfonate for evaluation of the effects of deviation from optimum moisture content during densification. It was observed that partial replacement of water with lignosulfonate slightly increases the strength and decreases the permittivity, and that this effect was more pronounced as the replacement level was increased. Additionally, test results reveal that lignosulfonate replacement was more effective on the dry side of optimum water content.

Background: Within the scope of reproductive health, family planning services play a key role in gender equality and empowerment of women. It is considered a human right to have access to these services. The literature has no study aimed at determining the impact of sociodemographic characteristics and gender roles of young people on their family planning attitudes. In Turkiye where the impacts of the patriarchal structure continue to be seen, studies on family planning are only conducted with married people or women. Methods: The sample of the descriptive correlational study comprised 1288 students receiving education in undergraduate programs in a university in Turkiye. In collection of the study data, the researchers used the Student Identification Form, the Gender Roles Attitude Scale and the Family Planning Attitude Scale. In order to determine the independent factors affecting attitudes towards family planning among the students, the researchers created a linear regression model. Results: Examining the Beta coefficient of the regression model used, the gender, faculty and grade of the students and their gender roles scores affected their attitudes towards family planning in a positive direction (F=40.097, p<0.005). Ordering the degree of independent variables to affect the attitudes towards family planning in the regression model according to the Beta coefficient, the independent variable that most affected the attitudes towards family planning was gender roles attitude. Conclusions: The study revealed that the gender roles attitude affected the family planning attitude.