Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are promising multifaceted techniques for addressing the most mundane tasks for greater efficiency and high productivity. Cyber security space is one of the areas that AI is promising to revolutionize. This study will develop a conceptual and theoretical framework to support a research design that can simulate research in understanding how AI can be applied to Cyber Kill Chain phases. This study has reviewed 21 journal and conference articles mostly from IEEE Xplore database. An overview of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, particularly within the framework of the Cyber Kill Chain was provided in this study. It also emphasizes the limitations of traditional security approaches and the necessity for innovative and intelligent defense methodologies. The results of reviewing the relevant literatures discovered that the key components of cybersecurity, includes identity, asset management, automated configuration management, security control validation, governance, risk assessment, and vulnerability identification. A theoretical framework was developed which introduces the Cyber Kill Chain model with a Unified Kill Chain model to address its shortcomings. Application of AI in cybersecurity offers an optimistic solutions to address the evolving threat landscape. AI techniques, such as machine learning, anomaly detection, and behavioural analysis, have shown great potential in enhancing various aspects of cybersecurity.  However, challenges related to data quality, adversarial attacks, and privacy concerns need to be addressed for successful implementation. Further research and development are crucial to fully harness the power of AI in cybersecurity and stay ahead of evolving cyber threats.

Background: Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by infection of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Globally, the annual estimated cases of cholera and the number of deaths ascribed to cholera are approximately 3-5 million and 100,000-120,000 respectively. African countries account for almost 25,000 cases and more than 350 deaths. Cholera remains a persistent health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide but can be controlled through water hygiene and environmental sanitation, or by oral cholera vaccination, which provides transient three years' protection. The case fatality ratios remain high at 2-5% against the global declining trend. The disease was largely eliminated from industrialized countries by water and sewage treatment over a century ago but it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries.Methods and materials: Methods: A Suspected case was described as any person ≥2 years presenting with acute watery diarrhoea and severe dehydration or dying from acute watery diarrhoea with or without vomiting, in Sokoto State from 11th-16th August, 2018 and areas where a cholera outbreak was declared. In August 2018, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) was notified of Cholera outbreak in 14 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Sokoto State. We investigated the outbreak to verify the diagnosis, characterize and institute appropriate measures to control the outbreak.Results: Total of 1602 suspected cases of cholera were reported, 891 (55.6%) were females. Most affected age groups were >45 years 22(26.2%) with mean age (SD) of 25.6. Sabon birni and Isa has 25% and 16.7% cases respectively. Case fatality rate of 5.2% with 84 deaths recorded, male 46 (6.5%) recorded highest. Samples were collected and tested using Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit. Conclusion: Outbreak of cholera in 14LGAs of Sokoto State confirmed. We recommended health promotion campaigns and provision of adequate safe drinking water in villages to prevent future outbreaks.

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This study is conducted to analyze and compare the physico-chemical properties and mineral compositions of locally produced honey samples in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto with the national and international standards. To achieve these, seven samples of locally produced honey was collected from the study area. the physicochemical properties was analysed using the Official Methods of Analysis established by Association of Official Analytical Chemists while the mineral compositions of all the honey samples were determined using flame photometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the colours ranged from extra light amber to light amber; electrical conductivity from 0.06±0.01mS/cm to 1.15±0.16mS/cm and density from 1.41±0.00g/cm3 to 1.36±0.00g/cm3. On the mineral composition, the ash content was from 0.08±0.00% to 0.18±0.01%; moisture content from 3.94±0.29mg to 20.29±0.20%; total reducing sugars from 63.23±2.46% to 73.34±2.77%; free acidity from 14.48±0.53meq/kg-1 to 37.38±1.12meq/kg-1; lactonic acidity from 9.50±2.00meq/kg-1 to 15.50±1.50meq/kg-1; total acidity from 25.7±2.53 meq/kg-1 to 47.58±1.12 meq/kg-1. The physico-chemical and mineral compositions of the honeys were found to meet the established national standards. It was thus, concluded that honey from the area of study are of good quality