No abstract

I midacloprid (IMI), a new generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, has a broad potential spread because of its agonistic effect on insects over vertebrates (Buszewski et al., 2019). From 2013 to 2015, the European Commission prohibited the use of three neonicotinoid pesticides including imidacloprid (Baroso, 2013). Because of their bioaccumulation in fish, insecticides are extremely dangerous to fish and other organisms in the food chain (Bojarski and Witeska, 2020). Fish is one of the non-target organisms that could be affected by pesticides once releasing to the environment (Ojesanmi et al., 2017).Nile tilapia, one of the most common freshwater fish species in Egypt and worldwide, was considered to be ideal in laboratory studies because of its various benefits, such as high growth rate and reproductive levels, laboratory resistance and tolerance and commercial food adaptation (Ghozlan et al., 2017). Despite exposure to imidacloprid residues, the potential for toxicity, persistence, and bioavailability may be significantly decrease but has led to stress in the ecosystem (Van der Sluijs et al., 2013).Azolla pinnata, an aquatic free-floating fern, is a promising food because of its good nutritional value (Das et al., 2018). Azolla consists of a higher crude protein and essential amino acid (rich in lysine), besides Phyto-constituents