No abstract

This work was designed to investigate the possible hypoglycemic effects of ginger (Zingiber officinal) and garlic (Allium sativum) administration on type 2 diabetesinduced in rats. Seventy male adult albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups of ten animals: Normal Control (Cnt), Diabetic Control (CntD), Ginger Low (GNL), Ginger High (GNH), Garlic Low (GRL), Garlic High (GRH) and a combination group (GNH+GRH). Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg of body weight) in all groups except the Cnt group. Rats were treated with ginger and garlic powders in different doses for 2 months. At the end of experiment, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)concentrations, low density lipoprotein (LDL), liver glycogen and glucagon levels were estimated.Expression of Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Glucokinase genes in liver samples from each group were normalized with housekeeping gene (ß-actin) using reverse transcriptase real time Polymerase chain reaction. Serum insulin and HDL concentrations were significantly (P< 0.05) higherbutbody weight, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDLand HbA1clevels were significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the Cnt, GNH, GRH and GNH+GRHgroups compared to the CntD, GNL and GRL groups. Liver glycogen level was significantly (P< 0.05) higher and serum glucagon level was significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the combination group only but non significant difference was observed for the other groups. The expression of liver Glucose-6-Phosphatase gene was significantly (P< 0.05) downregulated but the Glucokinase gene was significantly (P< 0.05) upregulated in STZ diabetic rats treated withhigh doses of ginger and garlic powders. This study suggests that ginger and garlic powders can be used to ameliorate type 2 diabetes and might also help in preventing secondary diabetic complications.

I midacloprid (IMI), a new generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, has a broad potential spread because of its agonistic effect on insects over vertebrates (Buszewski et al., 2019). From 2013 to 2015, the European Commission prohibited the use of three neonicotinoid pesticides including imidacloprid (Baroso, 2013). Because of their bioaccumulation in fish, insecticides are extremely dangerous to fish and other organisms in the food chain (Bojarski and Witeska, 2020). Fish is one of the non-target organisms that could be affected by pesticides once releasing to the environment (Ojesanmi et al., 2017).Nile tilapia, one of the most common freshwater fish species in Egypt and worldwide, was considered to be ideal in laboratory studies because of its various benefits, such as high growth rate and reproductive levels, laboratory resistance and tolerance and commercial food adaptation (Ghozlan et al., 2017). Despite exposure to imidacloprid residues, the potential for toxicity, persistence, and bioavailability may be significantly decrease but has led to stress in the ecosystem (Van der Sluijs et al., 2013).Azolla pinnata, an aquatic free-floating fern, is a promising food because of its good nutritional value (Das et al., 2018). Azolla consists of a higher crude protein and essential amino acid (rich in lysine), besides Phyto-constituents

Cadmium (Cd) is considered as a very toxic heavy metal which transfers to the body through many routes as food, water and air. Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) have a great role in alleviation of Cd toxicity in kidneys. This study aimed to look into the interaction between Cd, Zn, Se and their effects on gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes in the kidneys of rats. Fifty male adult albino rats were divided into five groups (n=10) that received orally the following doses daily for one month: Group I: control group received normal saline, Group II: received 2mg/kg BW CdCl 2 , Group ΠI: was administered 2mg/kg CdCl 2 and 2mg/kg ZnCl 2 , Group IV: received 2 mg/kg CdCl 2 and 0.23 mg/kg Na 2 Seo 3 , and Group V: received 2 mg/kg CdCl 2 , 2 mg/kg ZnCl 2 and 0.23 mg/kg Na 2 Seo 3 ). The gene expression levels of SOD1, CAT, GPx, HSP70 and MT1 were assessed in the kidneys; treatment with Cd lowered the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, CAT, and GPx) and increased the expression level of HSP70 and MT1. Only partial ameliorative effects on the oxidative stress caused by Cd in the kidney have been observed with Se or Zn supplementation during exposure to Cd, while the co-treated with Se and Zn revealed better protection against the observed oxidative stress in kidney.

Both types of diabetes mellitus (DM) are recognized by the destruction of pancreas or deficient function of Islets' cells causing several complications. Diabetes mainly affect the kidney leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the late renal stage, which caused higher mortality in diabetic patients. Since diabetic disease appearance, nephropathy may be observed in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Recently, cell culture can be used in the regenerative medicine as a new method for treating diabetes and DN. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to prove the beneficial effect of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) transplantation on DN during the early stage. Male rats were randomized in 3 groups (each 20 rats): the 1st group was normal rats, while the 2 nd was streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats and the 3 rd was diabetic rats treated with a single intravenous dose of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) after 3 days from STZ induction. Results indicated that STZ induced DN represented by weight loss, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulineamia, decreased glycated hemoglobin, leukocytosis and impairment of kidney function and oxidative stress in kidney tissue. After BM-MSCs treatment, blood glucose level was improved, renal function was retained, body weight loss was decreased, insulin level and HBA1C percent were ameliorated with improved oxidative stress in kidney tissue. BM-MSCs have the capacity to regenerate and differentiate into insulin-producing cells improving DM and DN.