Five diets were compared for measuring their effects on the differential haemocytes types of the newly emerged worker bees, and also on their haemolymph proteins, lipids and glucose content. As blood haemocytes cell play a role in defending honeybees against parasites and pathogens. Five groups of newly emerged worker bees were fed with one of the following diets in patty form with sugar: faba bean (Vicia faba) pollen, maize (Zea mays) pollen, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pollen, Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) pollen and soya bean (Glycine max) flour (as pollen supplement). Differential haemocyte counts (DHC) were evaluated in smears of their haemolymph. The types of the haemocytes (prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, granulocytes, coagulocytes and binucleated cells) were recorded. The most abundant type was plasmtoycte cells (over 90%) followed by granulocyte cells and coagulocyte cells. These blood cells perform phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign bodies in the honeybee body cavity. Feeding honeybees with these different diets caused significant differences between the haemocyte cells. The highest number of plasmatocyte cells recorded in bees which fed on maize pollen, while the lowest was found in bees fed on bean pollen. The highest protein content was found in the haemolymph of bees fed on date palm and the lowest was found in bees fed on bean pollen and the difference was non-significant. The difference in lipids content was non-significant in worker bees fed on these different diets. There was a significant difference in glucose content between bees fed on maize pollen and date palm pollen.

The present work studied the effect of some natural substances (Egyptian and Chinese propolis ethanolic extractcinnamon-clove-peppermint ethanolic extract) against the 4 th larval instar of G. mellonella. The experiments in this study were conducted in the experimental laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University. Potential activities of active materials on mortality percent and duration of greater wax moth at four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 % w/w) were studied, and it is obvious that the mortality effect depend on the kind of materials and concentration. Peppermint ethanolic extract recorded (53.33±1.86%) larvae mortality compare to other materials and control, on other hand the Egyptian propolis ethanolic extract and clove had no effect on great wax moth at 0.5%. the pupa mortality increased in concentration 4% in Egyptian and Chinese propolis ethanolic extract, cinnamon, clove and peppermint ethanolic extract (26.66±0.00, 23.33±1.00, 43.33±4.00, 33.33±2.00 and 8.33±10.01%, respectively). The adult stage was the more resistance stage. In the larval duration, the highest effect were recorded in peppermint ethanolic extract which recorded 26.67± 3.48 at 4% concentration with 31.62 % reduction of normal (control) duration and followed by Chinas propolis and cinnamon (30.33±1.33 and 30.08±0.08 day, respectively) with 22.23 and 22.87 % reduction respectively at 4%concentration.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of antimicrobial ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on gram negative and gram positive bacterial. The tested bacterial strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus as Gram negative, while Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes consider as Gram positive. Four different types of propolis (Saudi, Turkish, Chinese and Egyptian) were used in this study. There was highly significant effect of Saudi, Egyptian and Turkish propolis on tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone in Egyptian propolis was 12 mm with Proteus mirabilis at 10% concentration while the lowest inhibition zone was 1.6 mm with E.coli at 1.25% concentration at the same propolis. Proteus mirabilis showed the highest inhibition diameter which record 14 mm at 10% concentration in Saudi propolis while the lowest diameter was recorded as 2.6 mm at 1.25% concentration with P.aeruginosa. In Chinese propolis the Proteus showed the highest inhibition zone at 1.25 %, 2.50%, 5%, 7.50% and 10% concentration that recorded (5mm), (7.3mm), (9.6mm), (11mm) and (13 mm) respectively. In Turkish propolis the 10.5 mm was recorded as the highest inhibition zone at 7.5% and 10% concentration in Klebsiella pneumoniae, on the other hand, the lowest inhibition zone in S.aureus was 1.6 mm at 1.25% concentration. the antibacterial activity of propolis was concentration depends and depends upon its botanical origin

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