Folic acid (FA)‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly used model in experimental animals for studying renal injury. This study aimed to investigate the probable protecting impact of nicorandil against FA‐induced renal dysfunction. A mouse model was executed by a single injection of FA (250 mg/kg). Nicorandil was orally administrated in two doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 10 days. Nicorandil repressed the progression of FA‐induced AKI as evidenced by the improvement of histopathological alterations and the substantial decrease of serum levels of creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde (MDA), and urinary protein levels. Moreover, nicorandil resulted in a profound reduction in oxidative stress as manifested by decreased MDA and increased reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in renal tissue. Notably, nicorandil suppressed FA‐induced inflammation; it reduced renal levels of nuclear factor‐κB, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6. Furthermore, nicorandil decreased renal levels of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Lastly, nicorandil efficiently decreased expression of the proapoptotic protein (Bax) and caspase 3. Nicorandil confers dose‐dependent protection against FA‐induced AKI by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation besides modulating nitric oxide synthase and reducing apoptosis.

Albuminuria is the most characteristic marker of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is a diabetic complication associated with DN progression. However, renal functions decreased by about one-third of diabetic patients before the occurrence of albuminuria. We study the role of telomere length (TL) of blood leukocytes, some inflammatory markers in the progression of DN in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Volunteers were selected and distributed into four groups: group 1 included 20 healthy subjects as control, group 2: 20 T1D patients with albumin excretion rate (AER) < 30 mg/gm creatinine, group 3: 15 T1D patients with (300 > AER > 30 mg/gm creatinine), group 4: 15 T1D patients with (AER > 300 mg/gm creatinine) and group 5 (DN group), which is a collective group between group 3 and group 4. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-OHdG, and TL in leukocytes were measured. Results showed a significant increase in HbA1c, creatinine, urea, 8-OHdG, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), MDA and decrease in TL in G2, G3, G4, and G5 compared with control with a p-value < 0.05.

The current work was performed in 2018 aiming to study the geomorphological and pedological characteristics as well as classification and capability evaluation for soils of Menouf province area, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. The integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques was used to achieve this work. The geomorphic map produced by processing and identifying the Landsat image using RS and GIS technology indicated that, the main landscape unit in the studied area is Alluvial Plain includes nine landforms namely: high terraces (19.4% of the studied area), medium terraces (15.3%), low terraces (24.6%), over flow basin (25.6 %), decantation basin (7.9%) in addition to meandering belt, depression, levee, and island (with small areas). Twenty-four soil profiles were chosen to represent the different landforms. The land and site features are observed and registered. The soil profiles were dug, morphologically described, and then samples were collected representing the subsequent layers in each profile for integrated physical and chemical analyses. The studied area has almost flat topography with deep soil profiles and freely well drained. These soils have loam to sandy clay loam texture with moderate medium sub angular to angular blocky structure. The analytical data revealed that, the studied soils are moderately alkaline, non-saline and haven't sodicity effect. The soils are slightly calcareous having very slight gypsum content. Organic matter (OM) is low and decreases with depth. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is correlated to the fine fractions and OM contents in these soils.The studied soil profiles haven't any diagnostic horizons, therefore they were classified up to sub great group level under Entisols order mainly as Typic Torriorthents.The land capability evaluation indicated that, about 48% of the studied soils have a Good capability class (C2) and the rest (52%) are considered as a Fair (C3) one.

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The present study evaluates the effect of mirazid (mz) cd95 and cell cycle in rats of gentamicin (gm) induced renal damage for the detection of apoptosis. Albino male rats (rattus norvegicus), weighing 40–50 g were divided into 6 groups; normal saline, orally treated mirazid 10 mg/kg, gm i.p) for 10 days, mz at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, per oral for 10 days with the same concentration of gm, mz administered concurrently with gm for 10 days. Gm treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum creatinine and urea (152.3 ± 8.6 mg/dl, 1.6 ± 0.12 mg/dl resp) when compared to the saline treated group. Gm cause significant increase in both sub g1 (apoptosis) and cd95, marker of apoptosis, when compared to saline control whereas mz give significant decrease in cd95 (fas and fas ligand detection) and sub g1 (apoptosis).