Open Life Sci. 2017; 12: 143-155 was at 450 rpm. Overall, the results suggest that caprylic acid purification of camel serum IgG is more effective and safe than ammonium sulfate method in simplicity, purity, and lower non-IgG proteins in the final preparation with lower protein aggregates.Keywords: Camelus dromedarius; camel IgG purification; caprylic acid; temperature; stirring IntroductionCamels produce several immunoglobulin classes in their serum, colostrum and milk, including IgM, IgA and IgG (IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3) [1][2][3]. Camels are special animals in antibody production as they possess a unique type of antibody in their serum which lack light chains as well as the heavy chain constant domain "CH1", so-called heavychain antibodies [4]. IgG1 occurs in the classical structure form of antibodies, while IgG2 and IgG3 represent heavy-chain antibodies [4], and they form about 75% of the IgG in camel serum [5]. Heavy-chain antibodies in camels are significantly effective in antigen recognition; in spite of losing their light chains [6][7][8], also, they have lower molecular weight than conventional antibodies. In addition, these antibodies are less immunogenic than other mammalian antibodies [9], that means when they are injected into experimental models, it will be less likely to induce adverse reactions during the course of treatment [10]. The above pharmaceutical features recommend the camel antibodies as a substitute for other animals' therapeutic antibodies [11,12], or alternatively, it can be converted to a complete humanized antibody [13].Antibody purification from different biological fluids such as serum, ascites and milk is an important step in the production of antibodies used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research applications [14]. There are different methods for purification and the first reported method for purifying camel IgG from serum, by , used protein A-Sepharose and protein G-Sepharose. More Abstract: The present study aimed to describe and standardize a simple and efficient protocol for purification of camel IgG from serum, which can be applied for Camilidae antibody production in research laboratories, the preindustrial stage. Camel serum IgG was separated with caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate, then the effect of four variables studied: caprylic acid concentration, pH, stirring time, and stirring intensity. Camel IgG prepared by standardized caprylic acid fractionation method for camel serum was compared with commercial anti-sera products. Camel IgG purification from undiluted sera using caprylic acid at concentration of 8% v/v gave the best results. Purification at different pH values using caprylic acid at 8% v/v revealed that pH 5.5 was optimal. Investigating purification at different stirring time intervals using 8% v/v caprylic acid at pH 5.5 demonstrated that stirring for 90 min gave the optimum results. Finally, studying purification at different stirring intensities using 8% v/v caprylic acid at pH 5.5 for 90 min, the best stirring intensity

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an extremely aggressive solid tumor and relates to numerous cases of cancer-associated deaths globally. Current studies reveal that natural compounds retain various therapeutic effects. This study was aimed to investigate the beneficial antitumor effects of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk antibodies (CM-IgG) on diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats. Hepatocarcinoma was induced in rats using DENA (50 mg/kg, twice/week) for 2 weeks followed by CCl4 (1 ml/kg, trice/week) for 6 weeks. At week 17 th , HCC-bearing rats were orally administrated CM-IgG (100 mg/kg, orally) daily for 4 weeks. Liver enzyme activities and levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were measured in serum. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in liver homogenate. Histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin stain was examined in liver tissues. Hepatic mRNA gene expression of placental glutathione-s-transferase (GST-P) was determined by qRT-PCR. Treatment HCC-bearing rats with CM-IgG significantly reduced liver injury biomarkers and attenuated oxidative stress as well as enhanced antioxidant status. Moreover, CM-IgG significantly alleviated hepatocellular morphology alterations and down-regulated GST-P gene expression levels in liver. Our results revealed the potential role of total immunoglobulin IgG purified from camel milk in amelioration of DENA-induced hepatocellular dysfunction and oxidative stress in hepatocarcinoma-bearing rats.