Adolescence is a crucial time for biological, psychological, and social development. It is also a time when substance addiction and its adverse effects are more likely to occur. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the negative long-term effects of substance use, including mental health illnesses, sub-par academic performance, substance use disorders, and higher chances of getting addicted to alcohol and marijuana. Over the past few decades, there have been substantial changes in the types of illegal narcotics people consume. The present article deals with the review of substance abuse as a public health problem, its determinants, and implications seen among adolescents. A systematic literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken to search all relevant literature on teenage stimulant use. The findings have been organized into categories to cover essential aspects like epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. The review showed that substance addiction among adolescents between 12 to 19 years is widespread, though national initiatives exist to support young employment and their development. Research on psychological risk factors for teenage substance abuse is vast, wherein conduct disorders, including aggression, impulsivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been mentioned as risk factors for substance use. Parents' attitudes toward drugs, alcohol, academic and peer pressure, stress, and physical outlook are key determinants. Teenage drug usage has a significant negative impact on users, families, and society as a whole. It was found that a lot has been done to provide correct intervention to those in need with the constant development of programs and rehabilitative centers to safeguard the delicate minds of youths and prevent them from using intoxicants. Still, there is much need for stringent policy and program guidelines to curb this societal menace.

In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), the infant mortality rate is much higher than the high-income countries (HICs). The higher infant mortality is due to low birth weight (LBW) a combination of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and prematurity, which are risk factors for acquiring infectious diseases amongst newborns. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a neonatal procedure that is carried out in newborn infants, especially in preterm babies and LBW babies. It is skin-to-skin contact between a mother’s bare chest and a stable infant. KMC is an important intervention in reducing infant mortality rates in LMICs. A comprehensive literature and data search was done using key databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 42 articles out of 1,168 articles were selected for review after screening and elimination of the repeated articles. Through this review we have tried to analyse the benefits of KMC in newborns, the need for the participation of fathers and family members, and the need for implementation of this practice at a broader level by policy formulation in LMICs. We have also discussed the need for KMC for the prevention of infant mortality in LBW newborns in LMICs.

The pandemic coronavirus disease has caused an unprecedented worldwide health emergency. The pandemic increased the susceptibility of pregnant women to maternal and fetal complications. Elderly and patients with comorbidities were also at high risk during the pandemic times. Further evidence supports that COVID-19 is not only a respiratory infection but possibly affects other organ systems, including the placenta. The key objective of this review is to explore the literature on COVID-19-affected pregnancies and study the pandemic's impacts on maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes. We used Google Scholar and PubMed (Medline) for relevant literature searches. The clinical manifestations in pregnant women, fetus outcome, vertical transmission, and early and late pregnancy impacts are combined in database studies. Women should receive special attention for COVID even though most of the COVID-19-positive pregnant women had no symptoms or had minor ones. It was found that most pregnant women with COVID-19 had mild and few symptoms and that the effect on the fetus was insignificant. However, in some women, miscarriage and fetal growth retardation were seen as a consequence of the infection.

Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory condition, and psychiatric comorbidities are common in this condition. It is a non-communicable, autoimmune, and incurable disease. Psoriasis causes an adverse effect and is connected with various psychological symptoms like social isolation, guilt, and embarrassment of a patient. They decrease self-esteem because of depression, anxiety, stress, and substance abuse adults. The prevalence rate of adults is gradually increasing. This study uses various scales to evaluate the level of psoriasis. This study aims to evaluate the level of depression, anxiety, stress, and substance abuse among adult psoriasis patients and to identify the factors affecting psoriasis patients. A detailed search was carried out using essential databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization (WHO) database to search for articles elucidating the same. In total articles, 36 out of 160 are selected. All studies found that psoriasis is at a positive level in that the level of depression and anxiety is moderate to severe, the level of stress is moderate, the level of alcohol abuse is higher, and the level of smoking consumption is ever-increasing. A severe skin condition that impacts the quality of life and psychological health. It has become a public health issue. All the selected articles assessed patients who were highly affected by depression, anxiety, stress, and abuse. They also assessed the various comorbidities related to psoriasis.

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential for tuberculosis (TB) eradication. LTBI patients serve as a reservoir for active TB cases. The WHO's End TB Strategy now prioritises the detection and treatment of LTBI. A comprehensive approach focused on integrated LTBI control is required to accomplish this goal. This review aims to summarise what we know about LTBI in the existing literature, its prominence, diagnostic strategies, and new interventions to alert people of its occurrence and symptoms. We used Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) phrases to search for published publications on the English language in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. To provide clarity and impact, we examined several government websites to identify the most effective and current treatment regimens. LTBI is a spectrum of infections, such as intermittent, transitory, or progressive, with early, subclinical, and ultimately active TB cases. The global burden of LTBI cannot be firmly established because no "gold-standard" test exists. Screening is advised for high-risk individuals, such as immigrants, occupants and staff members of congregate living facilities, and those who are HIV-positive. The most reliable form of LTBI screening is still the targeted tuberculin skin test (TST). Although LTBI therapy is challenging, for India to become TB-free, it must first focus on testing and treating LTBI. The government should focus on generalising the new diagnostic criteria and adopting a more specific treatment known to all to eliminate TB once and for all.