Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. In 2017, approximately 10 million people were infected with TB and 1.3 million patients faced mortality [1]. Patients with active TB can infect up to 10–15 people over a year. There is a greater risk of transmission in overcrowded areas with limited air ventilation including large family units, prisons and slums [1, 2]. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, roughly 45% of non-HIV positive TB patients face mortality [1]. With the help of global organizations and national TB treatment and control programmes, the global incidence of TB is declining by approximately 2% each year [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) TB-strategy aims to end the TB epidemic and encourages partners to fund national TB programmes to improve diagnosis and treatment of TB. The goal is to ultimately decrease death rates by 90% and decrease incidence rates by 80% [1]. To achieve these goals, the decline in TB incidence needs to reach approximately 4–5% per year [1]. The WHO 2018 TB report identified multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) as the leading factor hindering that goal [1]. The incidence and spread of MDR-TB has drastically increased, where approximately 558 000 new cases of MDR-TB were diagnosed in 2017 causing more than 230 000 deaths globally [1]. MDR-TB is identified by resistance to the two most powerful anti-TB treatment drugs including isoniazid and rifampicin [3]. Patients with MDR-TB are required to start second-line anti-TB drugs (SLDs), which are limited, expensive, less effective and more toxic [1,2]. Therapy duration is one of the major limitations of second-line treatments, which may require up to two years of consistent use. Since TB affects mostly developing countries, long treatment durations and associated costs become a major challenge. In 2015, 15% of new TB cases were reported as MDR-TB, which drastically increased to 24% by 2017 [1]. Even with significant improvements in molecular tests and diagnostic methods, MDR-TB is still on the rise where the success rate of treatments is between 50 and 60% [1]. Additional characteristics including socioeconomic and sociocultural factors need to be considered when targeting and treating patients with MDR-TB.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) was declared a pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The causative organism has since undergone a series of mutations. COVID-19 primarily being a respiratory illness causes pre-existing pulmonary diseases to show worse clinical outcomes. About one-third of the world’s population is thought to be infected with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Both previous and newly developed tuberculosis (TB) infection are risk factors for COVID-19 and are associated with poor outcomes. T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in defense against MTB and with evidence suggesting depletion of T lymphocytes in COVID-19, it can be postulated that COVID-19 can increase the risk of reactivation of latent TB. Given that a large population around the globe is infected with latent tuberculosis, it is interesting to study and note cases where the virus leads to the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection. Herein, we present a 76-year-old Brazilian male recently treated for COVID-19 pneumonia, presenting with new-onset cough and weakness diagnosed with latent MTB reactivation.

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Current research on fertility regulating behaviour is criticized on the grounds that it lacks theoretical coherence and is too preoccupied establishing the factors that predispose individuals toward the practice of contraception without addressing the subjective processes whereby these factors become translated into behavioural events. Proper consideration of this aspect of fertility regulating behaviour requires a more balanced theoretical and methodological approach capable of capturing the interplay of objective and subjective elements that is the essence of process.; An alternative approach is therefore suggested which recognizes (1) that such behaviour generally occurs in a context which allows a choice of alternatives; (2) that the factors which presumably govern the individual's selection of alternatives are mediated through a process of interaction between self and others; (3) that these interactional processes are situationally influenced and subjectively defined; and (4) can be viewed as developing sequentially over time. The concept of "career" encompasses all of these and therefore recommends itself as a highly relevant conceptual tool or "sensitizing concept" in the analysis of fertility regulating behaviour. The methodological implications of such an approach are briefly discussed .

Apres avoir recueilli dans la litterature de l'6cologie sociale un ensemble de propositions obtenues par I'analyse factorielle, on prockda B les verifier en utilisant une strategie polyvalente de recherche sur des donnees longitudinales provenant de Winnipeg. I1 semble que la structure Ccologique de cette ville peut Ctre decrite en utilisant trois variables genkrales et cela correspond aux attentes. Ces variables sont : le statut Cconomique, le statut familial, et le statut d'immigration; ajoutons, toutefois que certaines de ces variables acquibrent une importance qui se distingue de celle que Yon retrouve dans les etudes americaines sur le mCme sujet. Contrairement aux previsions, toutefois, l'importance relative du statut Cconomique diminue avec le temps bien que son importance absolue ait gardC une valeur constante. L'importance relative et absolue du statut familial s'est accrue tandis que celle du statut d'immigrant s'est abaissee. Au surplus, les don-nCes suggkrent qu'avec le temps la diffkrenciation ecologique s'attenue plut6t que de s'accroitre. A certains Cgards ces resultats contredisent les prtvisions gCnCrees par les etudes anterieures et les theories de l'ecologie urbaine et soulkent plusieurs problemes &interpretation.A set of propositions is gleaned from the literature in the social area analysisfactorial ecology tradition, and tested using a new multi-method research strategy applied to longitudinal data gathered for Winnipeg. Generally consistent with what was expected, it would appear as if the ecological structure of this city can be described in terms of three general constructs: economic status, family status, and immigrant status, although certain of these constructs differed in important ways from their counterparts in studies of us cities. Contrary to what was expected, however, the relative importance of economic status seems to have declined over time, although its absolute importance has remained quite constant. The relative (and absolute) importance of family status has increased, while the converse has happened with regard to immigrant status. In addition, the evidence suggests that the over-all level of ecological differentiation may be decreasing over time, rather than increasing. These results run counter in several respects to predictions generated from current research and theory in urban ecology, and pose a number of interesting and difficult problems of interpretation.While theories of urban ecology have often focused directly upon the problem of accounting for changes in the ecological structure of cities over time,