Abstract. During children's growth and development, the breathing process plays an important role in craniofacial growth, especially of the palate. Nose breathing can stimulate the lateral growth of the maxilla, thus making the palate flat. Disturbances in nose breathing caused by nasal obstruction such as allergic rhinitis, adenoid hypertrophy, rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and obstructive sleep apnea can lead to a mouth breathing habit in children. This habit can cause palatal dimension changes such as a narrow V-shaped maxillary arch and a high palatal vault. This study analyzed the relationship between the mouth breathing habit in children who have nasal obstruction and palatal dimension changes. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a consecutive sampling method on children 7-18 years old with a history of allergic rhinitis, adenoid hypertrophy, rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and obstructive sleep apnea in the Pediatric Respirology and Pediatric Immunology Allergy Outpatient Clinic Kiara Maternal and Child Health Center at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. The palatal dimensions were measured by the height and transversal width of the hard palate of castings of each child's upper dental arch using vernier calipers. Palatal dimension changes were found in children with a mouth breathing habit due to nasal obstruction.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between palatal depth and duration of the upper airway obstruction since diagnosis among children with habitual mouth breathing. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using the consecutive sampling method on boys and girls who were habitual mouth breathers and presented with allergic rhinitis, adenoid hypertrophy, obstructive sleep apnea, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyp. Information about the duration of upper airway obstruction was obtained from the medical records of the patients. The patients divided into two groups: those diagnosed with upper airway obstruction for < 4 years, and those diagnosed with upper airway obstruction for > 4 years. Hard palate measurements were obtained from upper arch study models using a caliper with a precision of ± 0,1 mm. Results: A strong positive correlation was noted between the duration of the upper airway obstruction since diagnosis and palatal depth in children (r=0.623; p<0.05). Furthermore, the depth of the palates was found to be greater than 40 mm when the duration of upper airway obstruction since diagnosis was more than four years. Conclusion: The finding of this study indicates that upper airway obstruction can result in high palates in children with habitual mouth breathing.

Introduction: Dental trauma of the primary teeth is more common in boys than in girls, and it frequently affects the maxillary anterior primary teeth. Approximately 25% of schoolchildren worldwide have had dental trauma, although its prevalence varies among different countries.Group education through public lectures, television, community posters, leaflets, or videos can be selected as an educational method. The ineffective management of trauma to primary teeth is related to a lack of awareness among parents, schoolteachers, and health workers. Dental trauma mostly happens when children are at school; therefore, the study was conducted on Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers' awareness before and after watching the educational video "Dental Trauma to Primary Teeth". The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the video "Dental Trauma to Primary Teeth” on ECE teachers’ awareness. Methods: This study used an experimental study approach by involving 64 ECE school teachers in Jakarta. They watched the educational movie "Dental Trauma to Primary Teeth" for two minutes before spending ten minutes answering questions to evaluate their understanding of dental trauma in children before and after viewing the film. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts: the first part consisted of questions about sex, age, and education, and the second part consisted of nine questions about dental trauma to primary teeth. The data were analyzed by comparing understanding before and after watching the educational video. Result: There was an increasing percentage (1.5%-15.6%) after giving the video. The difference between the teacher's degree of awareness before and after watching the educational video "Dental Trauma to Primary Teeth" was statistically significant (p≤0.05) Conclusion: Providing children with educational media in the form of a video titled “Dental Trauma to Primary Teeth” is effective and can increase ECE teachers’ awareness of trauma to primary teeth.Keywords: dental trauma to primary teeth, awareness, educational video