Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected many aspects of daily life. In Saudi Arabia, many studies, using a range of assessment approaches, have examined how the pandemic has affected the mental health of both the general public and healthcare workers. However, to develop effective public-health initiatives for such crisis events, it would also be relevant to determine the pandemic’s impact on the behavioral, emotional, and social lives of Saudi children. Objective To assess, among Saudi children aged 3-15 years, the behavioral, emotional, and social changes that have occurred in their daily lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods This study featured a cross-sectional design. Potential participants were approached through the most popular social media in Saudi Arabia, and the final sample size was 651 parents. As, at the time of data collection, the members of the Saudi public were requested to avoid face-to-face meetings where possible, a well-designed electronic questionnaire featuring closed-ended questions was used. Results Descriptive statistics showed that the mean age of the parents was 29±7 years (range: 20-60 years); over half (58%) were female. During the COVID-19 outbreak, one-third of children had asked to sleep in their parents’ beds. Furthermore, approximately 30% of children demonstrated increased irritability and mood swings when compared with the period before the pandemic. Concerning adaptive social behaviors, during the pandemic, 22% of children appeared calmer and 14% of children seemed more thoughtful. Our study reports more screen time, less physical activity, and reduced sleep time among children compared with the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has psychologically affected children. The present results highlight the need to reduce this psychological burden by enhancing children’s emotional resilience and involving parents in health-promotion programs aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of such public-health crises.

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Background: Nasal polyposis are considered a sign or a physical finding rather than a disease resulting from a complex process that is found in some individuals, such as people suffering from chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, Kartagener's syndrome, or cystic fibrosis. Sinonasal polyps can have four distinct histological subtypes, which include eosinophilic polyp, chronic inflammatory polyp, hyperplastic polyp, and polyp with stromal atypia. Aim: In this review, we aim to study the presentation, classification and diagnosis of nasal polyps in the light of histopathological findings. Materials and methods: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 2001, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: nasal polyp, inflammation of nasal mucosa, chronic inflammation, histology of nasal mucosa, pathology of nasal polyps. Conclusion: Polyposis does not have histological problems and complications. However, they may be clinically disturbing. Polyps are not classified into allergic and non-allergic, and are rather stratified according to histological findings, making histological investigation crucial for diagnosis.

Introduction: The pathway of glycogen metabolism is regulated by many hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and corticosteroids. Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) most commonly affect muscles, liver, or both and occur in each 20000 to 43000 live birth. They are classified into 12 subtypes, but types I, II, and IX are the most common. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, from January 2001, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: glycogen storage diseases, Von Gierke disease, Pompe's disease, Cori Disease, Forbes disease, Andersen's disease, McArdle disease, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hepatomegaly. Aim: In this review, we aim to study the genetic basis, diagnosis, presentation, and different management approach to various common types of glycogen storage diseases prevalent in pediatric population. Conclusion: There are no cures for any type of glycogen storage diseases presently. Most treatments are designed to control signs and symptoms. The overall goals are primarily avoiding hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia. Liver transplantation should be deliberated for patients with GSD type IV and for other progressive hepatic types of GSDs in order to avoid hepatic failure or malignancy. More research must be carried out to develop newer and more effective ways of management.

Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common gastrointestinal cause of admission in emergency departments worldwide with about 10% inpatient mortality rate that has not decreased during the last three decades. Aim: In this review, we aim to study the pathophysiology behind the development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and explore the approach to its management in emergency situation. Materials and Methods: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 2001, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: upper gastro intestinal bleeding, variceal bleeding, emergency management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, varices, esophageal bleeding. Results: Managing patients with bleeding varices must have two goals that should be considered: to stop the bleeding, and to prevent rebleeding since 60% of patients will rebleed after the acute bleeding was stopped leading to a mortality rate of 33%, unless adequately treated. Conclusion: Bleeding varices are always considered urgent emergencies due to associated morbidity and mortality. Moreover, bleeding varices can cause hemodynamic instability and end-organ failure. The most important intervention is therapeutic endoscopy. Other approaches include vasoactive drugs, and prophylactic antibiotics. After acute management of the bleeding, patients should undergo further evaluation and treatment to prevent the recurrence of another bleeding.