Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is marked by the excessive intrusion of triglycerides into hepatocytes without any role of alcohol consumption. Various risk factors have been attributed to this disease pathogenesis which involves metabolic disorders, immune response, and even an intricate relationship between the two. The role of insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD has long been known; however, the molecular basis of disease progression under this metabolic backdrop is still being investigated. Similarly, the periodontitis-mediated immune response is another major factor involved in NAFLD manifestation which has generated huge interest. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria elicits a strong immune response which according to studies shows a strong correlation with NAFLD state. Such pre-existing conditions have a strong probability of explaining the disease onset. Additionally, increasing reports of inflammatory response and its links to insulin resistance have further increased the scope of understanding NAFLD. Through this review, we aim to elaborate on these factors explaining their role in the disease progression.

QbD is a helpful tool in building quality products and to understand critical process parameters which affects the manufacturing of drug products. It helps to build control strategy which helps to maintain quality throughout its life cycle. The major approach in QbD is through DOE which includes either screening or optimization done by various designs like plackett-Burmann, Box-Behnken design, Fractional Factorial design, Central Composite design, Mixture design etc. QbD approach helps in formulating and maintaining quality in the drug product. It helps to identify the critical quality attributes and process parameters which are likely to affect the quality of the drug product through screening design. Adopting QbD concepts into manufacturing of the drug product has its advantage of reducing development and marketing costs. It also helps in meeting regulatory requirements.

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Vulvar malignancies are rarely encountered in dermatology, yet it is imperative to develop a thorough clinical and diagnostic acumen, as early detection and appropriate treatment can improve quality of life or even prevent fatal outcome. The common premalignant vulvar lesions are vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), vulvar Paget’s disease, and melanoma in situ. These are notable since they are associated with a high post-treatment recurrence rate. The incidence of VIN is increasing in younger women. Early diagnosis and tailoring the management on individual basis may help to reduce the long-term morbidity. This review describes etiology, clinical features, management, and prognosis of vulvar premalignancies.