A 15 year patient having 46XX karyotype, along with well developed male type of external genitalia and developing breast reported to us. It was assessed on all technical and judicious points and the male sex was assigned. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 18, No. 2, July 2015 p.98-99

Background: Renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for end stage renal disease. Patients undergoing renal transplant surgery have several high risk features like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and need for haemodyalysis. Renal transplant anaesthesia requires a thorough understanding of the metabolic and systemic abnormalities in end stage renal disease, familiarity with transplant medicine and expertise in managing and optimizing these patients for the best possible outcome. The aim of this study was to find out the characteristics of patients, causes of ESRD, anaesthetic management and the impact of pre-existing diseases on intraoperative or early postoperative complications of the recipients.Methods: In this retrospective study we described our experiences of 124 cases of living transplants from November 2004 – December 2016. We reviewed their medical history and noted age, sex, blood groups, causes of ESRD and history of dialysis. Preoperative investigation and preparation, as well as details of anaesthetic management, were also recorded.Results: General anaesthesia was performed in almost 97% of patients and for the rest of them, combined epidural and general anesthesia were done. The age of the patients was in the range of 15 – 65 years, with the majority of 30 - 39 years group. The mean of surgery duration was 4.5 (±1.20SD) hours. The most significant point during surgery is keeping the mean arterial pressure > 90mm Hg.Conclusions: Preoperative patient optimization, intraoperative haemodynamic stability and postoperative care of renal transplant patients have contributed to the success of renal transplant programmed in our hospital.Birdem Med J 2018; 8(2): 167-171

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 0.2% povidone iodine renal pelvic instillation as minimally invasive therapy for chyluria resistant to conservative treatment. Methods: From July 2015 to December 2016, 9 patients with chyluria were treated. There were 2 males and 7 females ranging from 30-65 years of age. Cystoscopic localization of chylous efflux was done. On a day care basis under local anesthesia a 5 Fr open ended ureteric catheter was introduced on the affected side. Freshly prepared 10 ml 0.2% Povidone iodine solution was instilled as a sclerosing agent in the renal pelvis. A total of 3 doses were given at 8-hour intervals. Unilateral instillation was done in 8 cases, and bilateral instillation was done in 1 patient. Result: Eight of 9 patients showed complete clearance. In 1 patient, recurrence was noted and a repeat injection was given after 4 weeks, with success. Conclusion: Our experience shows that povidone iodine is a safe and effective sclerosing agent in the management of chyluria Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 20, No. 2, July 2017 p.78-81

suggests the primary risk factors are obesity, age and family history. Prostate cancer is very uncommon in men younger than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70 years 1 . However, many men never know they have prostate cancer. Autopsy studies of Chinese's, German, Israeli, Jamaican, Swedish, and Ugandan men who died of other causes have found prostate cancer in 30% of men in their 50s, and in 80% of men in their 70s 2 . Men whom have first degree family members with prostate cancer appear to have doubled the risk of getting and disease compared to men without prostate cancer in the family 3 . This risk appears to be grater for men with an affected brother than for men with an affected father. Men with high blood pressure are more likely to develop prostate cancer. There is a small increased risk of prostate cancer associated with lack of exercise 4 . A 2010 study found that prostate basal cells were the most common site of origin for prostate cancers 6 . IntroductionAdenocarcinoma of prostate is the most common form of cancer in men 25% by incidence and second by 10% morality throughout the World. There is one in six lifetime probability of being diagnosed with prostate cancer in men. Prostate cancer a disease of men over 50 years. In autopsy the incidence of prostate cancer is very high 20% in 50s to 70% between 70-80 years. Prostate cancer is uncommon in Asian and occurs most frequently in blacks. Androgen play on important role in prostate cancer. Growth and survival of prostate cancer cells depends on androgen which is bound to the androgen receptor (AR) and induce the expression of progrowth and prosurvival genes. The active metabolite of testosterone (Dihydroxy Testesterone) DHT constitutes about 90% of prostatic androgens 1 . Risk FactorsUnderstanding of the different causes of prostate cancer remains research interest. Accumulative evidence from the already done research work 7(2)