Komamura, Kohei, and Yamada, Atsuhiro-Who bears the burden of social insurance? Evidence from Japanese health and long-term care insurance data Using the society-managed health insurance data, which is cross-sectional time-series and covers 1670 health insurance societies for seven years (FY1995-2001), we found for the first time in Japan that the majority of the employers' contribution to health insurance is shifting back onto the employees in the form of wage reduction. On the other hand, we cannot find such evidence for the contribution to long-term care insurance using a two-year (FY2000-2001) panel data set. The difference can be theoretically explained by how employees value the contribution relative to social security benefits they enjoy.

Through the lens of Institutional Entrepreneurship, this paper discusses how governments use the levers of power afforded through business and welfare systems to affect change in the organisational management of older workers. It does so using national stakeholder interviews in two contrasting economies: the United Kingdom and Japan. Both governments have taken a ‘light-touch’ approach to work and retirement. However, the highly institutionalised Japanese system affords the government greater leverage than that of the liberal UK system in changing employer practices at the workplace level.

Intellectual dysfunctioning, as measured by an assessment instrument developed by OPCS, represents an increased risk factor for mortality among community-residing older people.

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