The influence of osmotic pressure and solute adsorption on permeate flux during ultrafiltration of a solute that forms a gel-like layer on membrane surfaces was investigated. Ovalbumin solutions were ultrafiltrated using three different kinds of membranes, polyolefine, polysulfone, and polyacrylonitrile. Flux data were analyzed by three conventional models: gel polarization, osmotic pressure, and resistance in series.The experimental data were in conflict with all conventional models. Data analysis suggested that the main factors which influence permeate flux decline were osmotic pressure increase at the membrane surface and resistance caused by solute adsorption.A new model, which takes into account both osmotic pressure and resistance due to solute adsorption, is proposed. Permeate flux declines observed in the experiments fit this model quite precisely. The gel layer that forms on the membrane surface has little influence on permeate flux and can be neglected.

SUMMARY ['H](±)Carazolol, " newly available ^-adrenergic receptor antagonist, has been used to characterize /f-adrenergic receptor subtypes present in membrane vesicles derived from canine ventricular myocardium and canine lung.

Various processed foods and beverages have been manufactured using deep seawater (DSW), desalted DSW (dDSW), and concentrated DSW in Japan. To confirm the safety of dDSW, we investigated hematologic and blood chemical effects of dDSW in mice. The dDSW and desalted surface seawater (dSSW) were diluted to 6.7%, 10%, and 20% with purified water. BALB/c mice were housed for 12 weeks, and administered the diluted dDSW, dSSW, or purified water as a control during the period. The results for dDSW were compared with those for dSSW and purified water. None of the groups of mice showed any clear abnormal growth or behavior; neither did any show signs of illness nor a single case of death during the 12 weeks study. We found no significant differences between the dDSW and control groups in terms of red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count, and neutrophil counts, whereas white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the 10% dSSW group at the end of 4 and 12 weeks than those in the control group. A significantly higher triglyceride level was detected only in the 6.7% dSSW group. Our results show no evidence of acute or subacute effects of diluted dDSW. Effects of diluted dDSW on hematologic and blood chemical values in mice are thought to be similar to those of purified water. This finding suggests that dDSW is as safe as purified water for drinking water. deep seawater; electrodialytic desalination; hematologic values; blood chemical values; mice

A procedure to predict the fatigue fracture life of high-heat-load components made of GlidCop has been successfully established. This method is based upon the Manson-Coffin equation with a cumulative linear damage law. This prediction was achieved by consolidating the results of experiments and analyses, and considered the effects of environment and creep. A low-cycle-fatigue test for GlidCop was conducted so that environment-dependent Delta(t)-N(f) diagrams for any temperature could be prepared. A special test piece was designed to concentrate the strain in a central area locally, resulting in the low-cycle-fatigue fracture. The experiments were carried out by repeatedly irradiating a test piece with an electron beam. The results of the experiment confirmed that the observed fatigue life was within a factor of two when compared with the predicted fatigue life, yet located on the safer side.