Secondary bile acids (BA) have been shown to be involved as a promoting agent in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer. In previous studies, fermentation of starch has been shown to inhibit the degradation of primary to secondary BA by the colonic microflora. This study was designed to investigate BA metabolism in continuous cultures of mixed fecal bacteria to get further insights into the mechanisms of this inhibition. Fermentation vessels were fed with media containing cholic (0.6 g/l) and chenodeoxycholic acid (0.4 g/l). Cultures were either starch-free or enriched with starch (10 g/ 1). pH was controlled and adjusted to 7.0 or 6.0. Total culture duration was 28 days and concentrations of BA, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and starch were measured periodically. At pH 6, significantly more primary BA remained in the media and less secondary BA were produced. Total BA concentrations were lower at pH 7. SCFA concentrations were higher in the vessels supplemented with starch. Starch was completely fermented and not present in significant amounts in any fermentation vial after the first week. These data indicate that bacterial breakdown of primary to secondary BA is inhibited when starch is simultaneously fermented. This effect can be explained by the reduction of pH resulting from SCFA production. Considering these findings, resistant starch which escapes assimilation in the small bowel may be a protective factor against colorectal cancer.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is a legume known for nitrogen fixation interacting with efficient Bradyrhizobium strains. In Côte d'Ivoire, the Bradyrhizobium inoculums used in soybean production is a foreign strain, which requires the search for indigenous strains adapted to Ivorian soils. The present study aimed to isolate and select rhizobial bacteria from soybeans grown on soils sampled from six localities in the central-western region of Côte d'Ivoire. Thirty bacteria were obtained from the nodules of plants grown on soils of two localities that had previously received soybean cultivation (Gonate North and South). These isolates were coded as RSC and identified as being able to genus Bradyrhizobium (slow growth) and Sinorhizobium (intermediate growth) depending on cultural and morphological characteristics. Except for RSC 327 and RSC 330, all isolates were authenticated and were able to nodulate the host plant in controlled culture. The isolates RSC 309, RSC 310, RSC 312, RSC 323, RSC 324, RSC 325 and RSC 326 were efficient and significantly (P <5%) increased the number and weight of the nodules, the height and plant biomass. Moreover, these same isolates also showed a high tolerance to salt (NaCl) added in YEM media at a concentration ranging from 4 to 5%. Based on the symbiotic and physiological characteristics, isolates RSC 309, RSC 310, RSC 312, RSC 323, RSC 324 and RSC 325 could be recommended as the native soybean inoculums under soil and climatic conditions of Côte d'Ivoire.

Aim: It consisted to identify the different species of traditional leafy vegetables consumed, to follow the technical process of production and to specifically evaluate the risk of microbial contamination of Amaranth from urban production in Daloa. Study Design:  This study focuses on the consumption of traditional leafy vegetables. Place and Duration of Study: University of Jean Lorougnon Guédé of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UFR Agroforestry, BP 150 Daloa, between November 2018 and April 2019. Methodology: On the study site, three planks of amaranth leave constituted a study block (sample). A total of 18 samples were analyzed. Then, mature Amaranth, ready for sale and then consumed, were subjected to microbiological characterization according to the standards. Results: There are seven main species of leafy vegetables consumed by Daloa populations and Amaranth is one of the most widely consumed leaves. The monitoring of production of these vegetables revealed that many of the actors were adults (> 30 years old), dominated by the female gender (63 %) and illiterate (70 %). The inputs were poultry manure, a mixture of dung and beef purse. In addition, the technical production routes were empirical. Microbiological analyzes of Amaranth leaf from selected areas showed a high level of bacterial contamination. Including indicator of general pollution like mesophilic aerobic germs, yeasts and molds, enterobacteria and indicator of fecal origin were isolated. It has been noticed the presence of pathogenic species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp in all productions. Conclusion: Amaranth leaves produced in this area aren’t suitable for human consumption and could create some sanitary risk.

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This study aimed to study physicochemical and microbiological parameters during nonnonkoumou production. A total of 15 samples were analyzed during this study at a rate of 3 samples per fermentation time (T 0 h , T 6 h , T 12 h , T 18 h and T 24 h ). The physicochemical analyses showed a drop in pH (from 7.03 ± 0.028 to 4.59 ± 0.021) during the 24 h of fermentation. The titratable acidity increased from 0.30 ± 0.014% at the start of fermentation to reach the maximum value of 0.88 ± 0.056% at 24 h of fermentation. The sugar level of fermenting milk samples decreased from 10.05 ± 0.071% at the start of fermentation, to 5.15 ± 0.071% at the end of fermentation. The density results showed an addition of water to the milk used for nonnonkoumou production. Microbiological analyses showed a similar growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and molds, but yeasts and molds were absent at the start of fermentation. Aerobic mesophile flora count reached maximum value (7.56 ± 0.81 Log CFU/ml) at 12 h of fermentation. The coliform count increased up to 12 h of fermentation before decreasing and disappearing at the end of fermentation.