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RESUMO -Avaliaram-se os efeitos da temperatura do processo de extrusão sobre as características das frações nitrogenadas e dos carboidratos, do extrato etéreo, da digestibilidade in vitro da proteína e do fator antitríptico da soja e do milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, composto de cinco combinações de soja e milho (100% soja; 75% soja e 25% milho; 50% soja e 50% milho; 25% soja e 75% milho; 100% milho, com base na matéria seca) e quatro temperaturas de extrusão (sem extrusão; e extrusão a 80, 100 ou 120 o C). O processo de extrusão promoveu aumento na fração lipídica e redução nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), que variaram de acordo com a proporção de milho e soja e com a temperatura de processamento, conseqüentemente, os teores de proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (PIDN) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA) sofreram redução. A mesma tendência foi observada nos teores de lignina, que foram menores nas misturas com até 50% de soja, processadas a 120 o C. A extrusão, independentemente da temperatura, promoveu aumento da fração A dos carboidratos, tanto no milho como na soja. Nas frações B2 e C diminuíram com a maior participação de soja na mistura. A extrusão reduziu as frações nitrogenadas A, B1 e C, fato observado nas misturas contendo soja. O processamento promoveu aumento da fração B2, exceto no milho a 100%. Alterações menos significativas foram observadas na fração B3. O processamento por extrusão não altera a digestibilidade in vitro da proteína de milho e soja, no entanto, reduz a quantidade de inibidor de tripsina quando as misturas desses grãos são processadas a 120ºC.Palavras-chave: digestibilidade, fração carboidrato, fração lipídio, fração nitrogenada, inibidor de tripsina, temperatura Chemical changes in soybean and corn processed by extrusion ABSTRACT -The effects of temperatures of extrusion process on characteristics of nitrogen and carbohydrates fractions, ether extract, in vitro protein digestibility and trypsin inhibitor factor of soybean and corn. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with three replicates in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five combinations of soybean and corn (100% soybean, 75 soybean and 25 corn, 50 soybean and 50 corn, and 25 soybean and 75 corn, 100% corn, %DM) and four temperatures of extrusion (without extrusion and extrusion at 80, 100 or 120 o C). The process of extrusion promoted increase in the lipid fraction and reduction in levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), which changed according to the proportion of soybean and corn and the temperature of processing, consequently, the levels of neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) reduced. The same trend was observed in levels of lignin, which were lower in combinations with up to 50% of soybean, processed at 120 o C. The extrusion, regardless of...

RESUMO -O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de dois ingredientes protéicos da dieta (farelo de soja e de algodão) e de dois processamentos físicos do concentrado (farelado e extrusado) na terminação de 16 bovinos machos não-castrados da raça Canchim. Avaliaram-se ainda a excreção de nutrientes nos dejetos e o potencial de produção de biogás. Os animais tinham 12 meses de idade e 315 kg PC, em média, e foram confinados em baias individuais durante 147 dias (os primeiros 35 dias foram de adaptação). Como volumoso utilizou-se silagem de milho, em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, com base na MS.Os resultados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (fonte protéica × processamento físico). A fonte protéica influenciou o ganho de peso corporal (1,50 e 1,35 kg/dia para o farelo de soja e de algodão, respectivamente), a conversão alimentar (4,73 e 5,31 kg MS ingerida/kg de ganho de peso, respectivamente) e a eficiência protéica (1,78 e 1,59 kg de ganho de peso/kg PB ingerida, respectivamente). O tratamento físico do concentrado e a fonte protéica não influenciaram a ingestão de MS, a área de olho-de-lombo e a espessura de gordura, estimadas por ultra-som. O balanço de nutrientes foi semelhante entre tratamentos para MS, FDN e FDA, mas a fonte protéica determinou diferenças no balanço de PB. Entre os macro e microminerais quantificados nas fezes, os teores de P e Mg diferiram entre as fontes protéicas e a extrusão aumentou o conteúdo de Ca, com médias de 0,39 e 0,43 g/100 g de MS de dejetos, respectivamente, para os concentrados farelado e extrusado. Effect of the protein source and physical processing of the concentrate on the finishing of feedlot young bulls and environmental impact of dejections ABSTRACT -The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of two protein ingredients of the diet (soybean and cottonseed meals) and two physical process of the concentrate (grounded and extruded) upon the finishing of 16 Canchim young bulls. It was evaluated also the nutrients excretion in feces and biogas production potential. The animals were 12 monthyear-old, with initial 315 kg BW, and they were confined in individual pens for 147 days, being the first 35 days of adaptation. The roughage used was corn silage and the forage:concentrate rate was 50:50, on dry matter basis. The results were analyzed in a total randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (protein source x physical process). There was effect of protein source upon the body weight gain (1.50 and 1.35 kg/day with soybean and cottonseed meal, respectively), feed conversion (4.73 and 5.31 kg DM intake/kg weight gain, respectively) and protein efficiency (1.78 and 1.59 kg weight gain/kg CP intake, respectively). There was no difference among treatments for DM, loin eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness, evaluated by ultra-sound. The nutrient balance was similar among treatments for DM, NDF and ADF, but protein source caused differences in CP balance. Among the macro and micromineral...

Tamarind has significant antioxidant potential. We showed that tamarind protects hypercholesterolemic hamsters from atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia might increase the risk of colon cancer. We investigated whether tamarind extract modulates the risk of colon cancer in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Hamsters (n = 64) were given tamarind and a hypercholesterolemic diet for 8 weeks. The groups were the control, tamarind treatment, hypercholesterolemic, and hypercholesterolemic treated with tamarind groups. Half of each group was exposed to the carcinogen dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at the 8th week. All hamsters were euthanatized at the 10th week. In carcinogen-exposed hypercholesterolemic hamsters, tamarind did not alter the cholesterol or triglyceride serum levels, but it reduced biomarkers of liver damage (alanine transaminase [ALT], and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]). Tamarind decreased DNA damage in hepatocytes, as demonstrated by analysis with an anti-γH2A.X antibody. In liver and serum samples, we found that this fruit extract reduced lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and increased endogenous antioxidant mechanisms (glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). However, tamarind did not alter either lipid peroxidation or antioxidant defenses in the colon, which contrasts with DMH exposure. Moreover, tamarind significantly increased the stool content of cholesterol. Although tamarind reduced the risk of colon cancer in hypercholesterolemic hamsters that were carcinogenically exposed to DMH by 63.8% (Metallothionein), it was still ∼51% higher than for animals fed a regular diet. Staining colon samples with an anti-γH2A.X antibody confirmed these findings. We suggest that tamarind has chemoprotective activity against the development of colon carcinogenesis, although a hypercholesterolemic diet might impair this protection.