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Abstract. Widjaya AH, Latifah D, Hardwick KA, Suhartanto MR, Palupi ER. 2021. Reproductive biology of Vatica venulosa Blume (Dipterocarpaceae). Biodiversitas 22: 4327-4337. Vatica venulosa Blume is categorized as Critically Endangered A1c ver 2.3, according to the IUCN Red List. A study of the reproductive biology of V. venulosa Blume was carried out in August 2019-February 2020 at the Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Indonesia. The research observed flower morphology, flower development, type of pollination, fruit and seed structures. V. venulosa is categorized as having a sub-annual flowering pattern. The flowering phenology of V. venulosa from flower bud emergence until fruit senescence takes about 6 months. The flower is hermaphroditic, with position of the pistil is higher/longer than the stamen; and pollen was released prior to stigma being receptive (protandrous). V. venulosa is a cross-pollinated plant, the flower visitors are insect nymphs of Thrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which are white and 1-1.5 mm in size. The percentage of blooming flowers was 32.3-37.9%, fruit set 10.9 %-12.6%. Seed physiological maturity  is reached at the age of 101±3-106±3 days after the flowers bloom when the wings are yellow green or green orange in color. V. venulosa seed is a non endospermous seed, and the cotyledons are composed mainly of small clumps of starch, being 42.5% carbohydrate.

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The fruits of Canarium kipella: (a) fruiting in ex situ cultivation, (b) young and ripe fruits, (c) cross-section showing seed with three locules, two with undeveloped ovules and one with a fully-developed kernel. Photos: Enggal Primananda.

Hopea odorata Roxb. is a forest plant from Dipterocarpaceae family that play a crusial economic and ecological functions. Its propagation from generative materials is limited because of the recalcitrant seed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectant and cryopreservation treatment as an alternative seed storage technique on the physiological and biochemical change of H. odorata seeds. Fresh seeds were treated with two cryoprotectan, PVS1 (mannitol) and PVS2 (DMSO 15% (w/v), ethylene glycol 15% (w/v) and glycerol 30% (w/v). in 0.4 M sucrose) with different concentration (25, 50, 75 and 100% (w/v)) and immersion time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min). Seeds were stored at room temperature (28±2⁰C) for evaluation of cryoprotectant toxicity and in liquid nitrogen (-196±2⁰C) for 24 hours. In room temperature storage, seed were immersion into 100%, 75% and 50% of PVS1 showed higher germination value (germination percentage, germination rate, vigour index, maximum growth potensial) and lower biochemical accumulation (electrolyte leakage, total malondialdehyde, total phenol) than PVS2. Cryoprotectant and cryopreservation treatments in this study was not suitable to increase the viability of H. odorata seed. Seeds were unable to germinate cause tissue necrosis and increase of total malondialdehyde.