Diabetes is generally acknowledged as an emerging disease that affects nearly every population, age, and economy on the globe. The rising incidence of type I and II diabetes mellitus has drawn focus to children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to illustrate the risk factors, incidence, and complications of both forms of diabetes in children in the KSA, as well as to equate Saudi findings to international findings. A systematic review was conducted using EBSCO, Google Scholar, and PubMed to examine randomized clinical trials, retrospective investigations, and experimental studies on diabetes in Saudi Arabian adolescents and children. Recent research has shown that the prevalence of T1DM and T2DM in children and adolescents is increasing. This tragedy should be given further consideration, as risk factors must be managed. Health programs and seminars can be used to educate mothers and parents of children and teenagers who are at risk of having diabetes mellitus.

Rickets is a worldwide bone disease that is associated with disorders of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and can lead to short stature and joint deformities. Osteomalacia is a major metabolic bone disease that results from a chronic and severe deficiency of vitamin D or phosphate from any cause after growth has stopped. A deficiency of vitamin D or phosphate leads to defective bone mineralization and generalized or localized vague bone pain in various parts of the skeleton and / or proximal muscle weakness. Rickets and osteomalacia are two different clinical diseases with impaired bone mineralization. Rickets occurs throughout the growing skeleton in infants and children, while osteomalacia occurs in adults after fusion of the growth plates. Rickets and osteomalacia are increasingly common in Saudi Arabia, with vitamin D deficiency being the most common etiological cause. Early skeletal deformities can occur in infants, such as soft, thin skull bones, a condition known as craniotabes. In adults, as a result of demineralization, the bones become less rigid (soft bone) with pathological fractures. The diagnosis of both diseases is based on the medical history and physical examination, radiological characteristics, and biochemical tests. Management depends on the underlying etiology.

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