This study examines the elasticity and competitiveness of Indonsia's palm oil export in the India market, 1990India market, -2014. The methods used are Error Correction Model (ECM) and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach. The results shows that the price is inelastic in short-term but it is elastic in long-term. The income and exchange rate are elastic in the long-term. There is also a decline in competitiveness in the market India. These findings also demonstrate that palm oil is normal goods and can be easily substituted with the same products of other countries or other vegetable oils. It threatens the Indonesian palm oil competitiveness in the Indian market. AbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji elastisitas permintaan dan daya saing ekspor minyak sawit di pasar India pada periode 1990-2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Error Correction Model (ECM) dan pendekatan Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga bersifat inelastis dalam jangka pendek tetapi elastis pada jangka panjang. Sedangkan pendapatan dan nilai tukar berdampak elastis dalam jangka panjang. Terdapat indikasi penuran daya saing minyak kelapa sawit di pasar India. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa minyak sawit barang normal dan dapat dengan mudah diganti dengan produk minyak sawit dari negara lain atau minyak nabati lainnya. Semua itu mengancam daya saing minyak sawit Indonesia di pasar India.

Indonesian cocoa industry has been transforming into a processed cocoa exporter by imposing export taxes. The policy has managed to increase exports of processed cocoa and decreased cocoa bean exports. However, overall export value of cocoa commodities (cacao bean and processed cocoa) has a declining trend, where an increase in the export value of processed cocoa has not been able to offset the decline in the export value of cocoa beans. This study evaluates the impact of the cocoa bean exporttax policy on demand for Indonesian cocoa in the Malaysian market using elasticity and ARDL model. Findings/Originality: This study finds that the demand for Indonesian cocoa is short-term in nature, and the volume of Malaysian demand for Indonesian cocoa is rapidly decreasing because cocoa beans is a complement for other cocoa suppliers. These conditions indicate that the quality of Indonesian cocoa does not meet the standard. That is also indicated by the increase in imports of cocoa beans to meet the processing needs of cocoa in Indonesia.

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Purpose – To examine the effect of the pandemic on changes in the number and value of e-money transactions on real money demand. Methods – Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) time series regression. Findings – The number of e-money transactions and transaction value affect the increase in real money demand, but the number of credit card transactions reduces it in the short and long run. The pandemic effect does not increase the number of e-money transactions in the short and long term, while the pandemic effect increases the value of e-money transactions although it is temporary. Implication – Monetary authorities increase the distribution or the equalization of support facilities for e-money payment recipients, as well as the ease and security of using e-money. Originality – ARDL model analysis shows that the pandemic effect increases real money demand in both the short and long term by increasing the value of e-money transactions, while the monthly effect affects in the short term. The pandemic effect on increasing the value of e-money usage is temporary.   Abstrak Tujuan – Mengkaji efek pandemic terhadap perubahan jumlah transaksi dan nilai transaksi penggunaan e-money dalam mempengaruhi permintaan uang riil Metode – Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) time series regression Temuan – Besaran jumlah transaksi e-money dan nilai transaksi mempengaruhi peningkatan permintaan uang riil, namun jumlah transaksi kartu kredit menurunkan permintaan uang riil dalam jangka pendek dan panjang. Efek pandemic tidak meningkatkan jumlah transaksi e-money dalam jangka pendek dan panjang, sedangkan efek pandemi meningkatkan nilai transaksi e-money meskipun bersifat sementara. Implikasi – Otoritas moneter meningkatkan penyebaran atau pemerataan fasilitas pendukung penerima pembayaran e-money, dan kemudahan dan keamanan menggunakan e-money. Orisinalitas – Dengan menggunakan analisis model ARDL, efek pandemi meningkatkan permintaan uang riil melalui peningkatan nilai transaksi e-money dalam jangka pendek dan panjang, sedangkan efek bulanan mempengaruhi permintaan uang riil jangka pendek. Efek pandemic terhadap peningkatan nilai penggunaan e-money bersifat sementara.