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A study of 3 4 concentration camp survivor families treated for a six-month period in family therapy describes the effects of this traumatic experience on the second generation, and discusses the possible consequences for future generations. Results of various styles of therapeutic interventions are reported, and implications are discussed.• Two families dropped out just prior to the "six-months therapy" cut-off point. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

Abstract. Parametric modelling of density perturbation measurements obtained with the University of Western Ontario's Purple Crow Lidar on 5 nights are used to infer that the typical vertical wavenumber spectrum in the upper stratosphere is dominated by a few quasi-monochromatic waves. In general only 2 of these waves, with growth or decay rates on the order of 1/(14 km) or less, carry most of the spectral energy. These waves are present about half the time on the nights studied. When analyzed using classical spectral techniques these waves appear to form a continuous spectrum. These results may help explain why general circulation models obtain reasonable climatologies when gravity wave parameterization schemes based on a small number of propagating gravity waves are employed. The ProblemStatistical estimation techniques for the vertical wavenumber spectrum of gravity waves, such as the periodogram or, its equivalent, the correlogram, exhibit a rn 'p power law in the "tail" of the m-spectrum, wherep is typically between 2 and 3 (m is the vertical wavenumber and the tail of the spectrum is defined to be the region of the spectrum between approximately 1/(2500 m) and 1/(100 m)). However, this concept of a smooth spectral form in the tail is now being questioned, especially at high temporal and/or spatial resolution. The analysis of high resolution radiosonde measurements by Vincent et al. [1997] has suggested that the gravity wave field in the lower stratosphere may actually be composed of a mixture of quasi-monochromatic gravity waves and a broad spectrum. Sica and Russell [ 1999] have also shown that intermittent features with narrow bandwidths often tend to dominate the upper straWspheric m spectrum, although a smooth rn'3-type power law exists if sufficient averaging (e.g. hours) is performed.The presence of only a few "dominant" quasi-monochromatic gravity waves in stratospheric m spectra has also been observed in computer simulations. Alexander et al. [1995] have shown that forcing by deep convective processes in squall lines can generate high frequency, narrow bandwidth gravity waves which then propagate into the middle atmosphere with little dispersion. Prusa et al. [1996] have shown tropospheric forcing by Gaussian sources such as topographic features or deep convection can also produce quasi-monochromatic waves in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere through dispersive processes.Characterization of the stratospheric rn spectrum has important implications for constraining gravity wave parameterization schemes used in many global circulation models (GCMs), in part because these parametrizations range from those using a small Prony's method allows individual waves in the spectrum to be estimated from a given data series. In this study the data series are height profries of density perturbations measured by the Purple Crow Lidar's Rayleigh-scatter system [Sica et al. 1995]. A Prony analysis of these density perturbation measurements will then allow us to determine whether or not the spectrum is compris...

Parametric models of spectral analysis offer several distinct advantages over statistical methods such as the correlogram analysis. These advantages include higher spectral resolution and the ability, in principle, to separate correlated (i.e., wave) behavior from noise-driven (i.e., turbulent) behavior in the measurements. Here parametric models are used to highlight the spatial and temporal intermittency of the gravity wave spectrum. In Part II of this series the spatial and temporal spectrum are used to calculate energy dissipation and the eddy diffusion coefficient. The spectra are computed from measurements of density fluctuations obtained using a large poweraperture product lidar during a 6-h period on 30 August 1994. It is shown that parametric models provide an excellent representation of the temporal and spatial data series. One difficulty of parametric models is selecting the model order, an analogous situation to determining the proper lag in the correlogram procedure or the window length in the periodogram method. Extensive experimentation has shown that the ratio of the data matrix eigenvalues to the photon noise eigenvalues is an excellent indicator for the selection of the model order. The underlying spectral form found using the parametric models is similar to the standard correlogram method, that is, nominal underlying spatial and temporal spectral slopes between Ϫ2 and Ϫ4 and Ϫ1.25 and Ϫ2, respectively, with variability outside this range. The spatial-temporal behavior of the spectra is highly variable with numerous intermittent and intense features rising well above the photon noise floor. The vertical wavenumber spectra on this night may show a variation of spectral slope with height; however, the slope is both extremely sensitive to the noise level of the data, steepening as the signal-to-noise level increases, and highly variable in time. The temporal spectra also show considerable variation with height, both in magnitude and slope.

The literature on co‐therapy suggests increased interest in this treatment procedure. There is some agreement over advantages and disadvantages, but there is also confusion on indications and counter‐indications. This paper summarizes the current use and abuse of co‐therapy. The reported clinical experiences of several co‐therapist teams, including spouse co‐therapists, are also discussed. It appears that co‐therapy will remain controversial until outcomes are rigorously measured and compared with the results of other therapeutic modalities in a standardized, acceptable way.