We successfully observed the phenomenon of “nonequilibrium local heating” occurring to the DMSO molecules in proximity of the Co particles under microwave irradiation by real-time in situ Raman spectroscopy. This phenomenon was induced only under microwave irradiation but not by conventional heating. This nonequilibrium local heating can be realized by the input of the power more rapid than that of the heat loss induced by the temperature difference between the heated microdomains and the surrounding domains. We have demonstrated the enhancement in the dehalogenation reaction of the C(sp3)−Cl bond of 2-chloroethylbenzene and 4-phenylbutyl chloride caused by the “nonequilibrium local heating” of the surface of the Co and/or Fe particles under microwave irradiation.

No abstract

Objectives The widespread dissemination of phenotypic colistin-resistant (COR) bacteria in the community threatens public health. The horizontal gene transfer of the mobile colistin resistance gene via plasmids is thought to be one of the main mechanisms for dissemination. However, genotypic evidence to prove this in community settings is limited. This study used genome analysis to demonstrate the direct horizontal colistin resistance gene transfer via plasmids in isolates from the community. Results A total of 19 isolates of COR Escherichia coli from stool specimens of 23 residents from seven households in the Vietnamese community were assessed in this study. The whole-genome sequence data of isolates were acquired using a combination of DNBSEQ short-reads and Nanopore long-read sequencing. Analysis of genomic data was performed using online tools such as Geneious. Analysis of the genomic information of COR E. coli isolates revealed that the isolates from two residents of different households had a similar IncP1 plasmid possessing mcr-1.1, marked with a single nucleotide mutation at the same position. The study provided direct evidence to prove that mcr was horizontally transmitted among bacteria in community residents.