Objective: To evaluate the success rate of endoscopic endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Shifa Foundation Community Health Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, from Oct 2017 to Sep 2019. The patients with chronic dacryocystitis who underwent endoscopic endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) were enrolled. Data for demographic information and clinical features (mucocele, deviated nasal septum, epiphora, purulent discharge and regurgitation test, history of acute dacryocystitis and probing and syringing etc.) was noted. Endoscopic DCR with or without lacrimal intubation was performed under general anesthesia. Patients were reviewed at post-operative week1, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months with documentation of epiphora, purulent discharge, need for syringing, nasal adhesions etc. Telephonic interviews were done in cases of missing data. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. Results: The study enrolled 47 patients, majority of them were females (87.2%).  The mean age of patients was 40.70 ± SD 10.84 yrs, Range 25-66 yrs.. Minimum postoperative follow up period was 12 months; mean duration (14.53 ± 3.0 months). Lacrimal intubation was performed in 31 (66%) patients. Nasal endoscopy was performed and lacrimal tubes were removed after 6 months post operatively. Surgical success was achieved in 46 (97.9%) patients: 37 (78.7 %) patients were completely symptom free, 9 (19.1%) were partially symptomatic and were managed conservatively. Treatment failure requiring repeat surgical procedure was observed in only one patient (2.1%). Continuous...

Objectives: To observe the relationship of nasal foreign bodies in terms of patient’s age as well as the type of foreign body and removal technique. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in ENT department, Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad from April 2017 to May 2018. A total of 120 patients selected by non-probability consecutive sampling technique with inclusion criteria of all children less than 12 years with foreign body in nose were recruited for this study after taking written informed consent. Patients who had concurrent nasal infections and trauma were excluded. Children age, gender, site, type of foreign body and removal technique were recorded. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 120 patients were presented with nasal foreign bodies, 107 cases were successfully dealt with in OPD while 13 patients were admitted for removal under general anaesthesia. The commonest affected age group was 2-5 years (78.33%) with more females (55.75%) than males (44.25%). Organic type of foreign body was 55.8% and inorganic type of foreign body was 44.2%. Seeds and small nuts (35%) were found to be the commonest types of nasal foreign body. The correlation between age groups, types of foreign body, removal technique and site of foreign body was significant (p value ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Nasal foreign bodies are commonly faced problem in children, specially in 2-5 years of age. They are largely harmless but complications can occur if neglected. Prevention remains the best option while for non-cooperative and attempted cases, removal under general anaesthesia is safe and preferred.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped and positive-stranded RNA virus that is a major causative agent of chronic liver diseases worldwide. HCV has become the main cause of liver transplantations and there is no effective drug for all hepatitis genotypes. Elucidation of life cycle and nonstructural proteins of HCV involved in viral replication are the attractive targets for the development of antiviral drugs. Methods: In this work, pharmacoinformatics approaches coupled with docking analyses were applied on HCV nonstructural proteins to identify the novel potential hits and HCV drugs. Molecular docking analyses were carried out on HCV approved drugs followed by the ligand-based pharmacophore generation to screen the antiviral libraries for novel potential hits. Results: Virtual screening technique has made known the top-ranked five novel compounds (ZINC00607900, ZINC03635748, ZINC03875543, ZINC04097464, and ZINC12503102) along with the least binding energy (-8.0 kcal/mol, -6.1 kcal/mol, -7.5 kcal/mol, -7.4 kcal/mol, and -7.3 kcal/mol respectively) and stability with non-structural proteins target. Conclusion: These promising hits exhibited better absorption and ADMET properties as compared to the selected drug molecules. These potential compounds extracted from in silico approach may be significant in drug design and development against Hepatitis and other liver diseases.

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The debate on the topic of rules regarding the cultural property’s protection under International Humanitarian Law has renewed its significance in modern day armed conflicts. Since the latest technological and other advancements in the field of warfare the complexities regarding application of laws in warzone has also increased. Specifically, protection of cultural property during an armed conflict has posed serious challenges to both International Humanitarian Laws and International Criminal laws. Undoubtedly, United Nations does provide a multilayered model for protecting the property holding cultural value for states, however, the gaps in implementation makes it challenging for the parties to comply fully. This article undertakes an analysis of laws related to cultural property focusing principally on IHL particularly with the reference of current conflict between Ukraine and Russia. Furthermore, it provides certain recommendations that may be adopted to protect property holding cultural importance and value while addressing the present gaps.