Nanotechnology provides solutions by combining the fields of textiles and medicine to prevent infectious microbial spread. Our study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of nanofiber sheets incorporated with a well-known antibiotic, ceftriaxone. It is a third-generation antibiotic that belongs to the cephalosporin group. Different percentages (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; based on polymer wt%) of ceftriaxone were incorporated with a polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) via electrospinning to fabricate nanofiber sheets. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the nanofiber sheets using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). For the characterization of the nanofiber sheets incorporated with the drug, several techniques were used, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results showed that the nanofiber sheets containing ceftriaxone had potential inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus as they had inhibition zones of approximately 20–25 mm on Mueller-Hinton-agar-containing plates. In conclusion, our nanofiber sheets fabricated with ceftriaxone have potential inhibitory effects against bacteria and can be used as a dressing to treat wounds in hospitals and for other biomedical applications.

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The herbal disinfection suspensions were tested on microorganisms isolated from the kitchen floor surface using the disc diffusion technique. Three plant extracts were prepared in an aqueous solvent, and their inhibitory zones were determined. Aak, Pomegranate, and dumb cane leaf extract mixture were used for making disinfectant. For E. coli, the plant combination disinfection 1, at a concentration of 1500 µl, revealed 15mm of zones. Maximum zones for disinfectant 2 were recorded at 750 µl, which was 12mm. At 3000 µl concentration, 16 mm zones were observed for disinfectant 3. At 1500 µl concentration, 15 mm of zones were seen for disinfectant 4. Zones of inhibition of S. aureus were reported to be 18 mm and 15 mm at 3000 µl for disinfectants 1 and 2. At 375 µl, 21 mm of zones were found for disinfectant 3. At 3000 µl concentration, 17 mm of zones were observed for disinfectant 4. Comparing E. coli and S. aureus may conclude that S. aureus has more potential inhibitory zones than E. coli. All of the disinfectants showed promising antibacterial activity against surface microorganisms. Keywords: Zones of inhibition, Disinfectant, Disk diffusion method, Microbes, Concentration.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has tangible effects on the agricultural economy. This study investigated the effects of COVID-19-related events in Central European agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, as well as the future of the economy of agricultural Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs. The data for agricultural SMEs in Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Switzerland was obtained from the Eurostat database, and the duration of the data was from 2011 to 2021. The number of employees, labour force input, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), wages and salaries, value-added, and agricultural output was the performance metrics considered in this study. Data from this study revealed that agricultural SMEs in Poland, Switzerland, and Germany produced less employment than in the other Central European countries, although Hungary's labour force input was more affected. During the COVID pandemic, GDP in Hungary and Slovakia dropped significantly. Wages and salaries in Germany and Poland fell, while value-added and agricultural output fell in Germany, Hungary, and Slovakia. Employment in Poland and Germany is expected to fall until 2025, while labour force input in Germany, Poland, and Hungary may drop. Wages and salaries, as well as agricultural output in all of the addressed countries, may rise, while GDP may fall. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimental impact on agricultural output, labour force input, employment, GDP, value-added, earnings, and salaries in SMEs of Central European countries. The pandemic regulations and restrictions disrupted the market distribution network, causing a stop in production, transportation, and a scarcity of labour and materials.

Treatments offered in clinics are now ineffective due to antibiotic resistance in particular bacterial strains. Plant-based antibiotics are in high demand in developing and developed countries; they are common medications that are simple to use, pose no environmental risks, have no adverse side effects, and are competitively priced. This study aimed to screen plant-based medicine against Erythromycin-resistant bacteria such as E. coli, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and E. Faecalis. The disk diffusion method and the agar well diffusion method were used to determine the zone of inhibition of Coriandrum Sativum L. (coriander), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Spinacia oleracea (spinach). Minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated via UV-visible Spectrophotometry at 600nm, while Polymerase Chain Reaction and Electrophoresis identified genomic activity for ErmB. Coriander was found to be the most effective against Erythromycin-resistant bacteria, and ErmB genes were found in almost all of the isolates. Keywords: Coriandrum Sativum, Zingiber officinale, Spinacia oleracea, Antimicrobial activity, and Erythromycin