Candesartan-cilexetil, an angiotensin receptor blocker, exhibits low bioavailability after oral administration due to its low water solubility. Chitosan is considered one of the most promising biopolymers for drug delivery as a vehicle and trimethyl chitosan is a water soluble chitosan derivative. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic crosslinking of a trimethyl chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate, at ambient temperatures during stirring. SEM and TEM (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed trimethyl chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles between 1,000-3,000 nm and 13-350 nm in size, respectively. Candesartan-cilexetil was loaded on trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles, trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic and commercial water soluble chitosan using an ultrasonic effect, and the potential of the polymers to increase the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil was investigated. Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles are a superior vehicle for increasing the solubility of candesartan-cilexetil compared to trimethyl chitosan, gum arabic or commercial water soluble chitosan.
This paper presents some results concerning chitin calcium phosphate composites obtained in different growth media. The synthesis of chitin calcium phosphate composite was carried out by phosphorylation, calcification, and soaking in different calcium phosphate growth media. This research is focused on studying and understanding the effect of using different growth media on composite samples. Hydroxyapatite was determined in the composite samples synthesized by using both simulated body fluid (SBF) and calcium phosphorus tris (Ca‐PTris) solution. Calcium/phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio of the composite synthesized by using SBF was found higher than that of composite synthesized by using Ca‐PTris solution as calcium phosphate growth media. The Ca:P ratio of the composite (1.72) immersed in 1.5× SBF for 35 day is similar to the theoretical value of hydroxyapatite (1.67) and closer to the theoretical value of human bone (1.75). POLYM. COMPOS., 29:84–91, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
This article presents some results concerning chitosan apatite composites obtained by two different methods. First method is based on phosphorylation, calcification and soaking in different calcium phosphate growth media (1.5 × SBF (simulated body fluid), Ca‐PTris (calcium phosphorous tris) and the second method is based on mixing of calcium deficient apatite powder with a chitosan solution. This research is focused on studying and understanding the effect of using different methods on Ca:P ratio of composites. The Ca:P ratio of composites formed in 1.5 × SBF are closer to that of bone when compared with the Ca:P ratio of composites formed in Ca‐PTris solution and Ca:P ratio of composites formed by mixing of calcium deficient apatite powder with a chitosan solution. The Ca:P ratio of the composite (1.75) immersed in 1.5 × SBF for 35 day is similar to the theoretical value of hydroxyapatite (1.67) and equal to the theoretical value of human bone (1.75). POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Yeni nesil bir jeotermometre yöntemi olan kümelemiş izotop tekniği derin gömülmüş kayaçların diyajenetik süreçlerinin iyi anlaşılması kabiliyetine sahiptir. Bu yöntem kullanılarak, Kambriyen-Eosen yaş aralığındaki altı birimden, ~1-3.2 km gömülme derinliğine sahip toplamda 28 adet dolomit üzerinde ölçüm yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bölgesel olarak seçilmiş Güneydoğu Anadolu rezervuarlarının karot ve sondaj kesintilerinden elde edilen dolomit örneklerinin paleosıcaklıkları ve dolomitleşme sularının δ18O değerleri belirlenmiştir. Kümelenmiş izotop yöntemi ile 37.2-161.9oC aralığında değişen sıcaklık değerleri ve +0.9-9‰ aralığında değişen dolomitleşme sularının δ18O değerleri bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma petrografik destekli olarak, paleosıcaklık ve dolomitleşme sularının δ18O d dağılımlarının dört farklı grup altında toplandığını kanıtlarıyla ortaya çıkarmıştır. İlk grup, Hoya Formasyonu için 43±7oC olarak erken dolomitleşme sıcaklığını ve Mardin Grubu-ED için 53 oC kısmi yeniden kristallenme sıcaklıklarını yansıtmaktadır. Bu değerler depolanma yüzeyindeki yoğun buharlaşma ve/veya sığ gömülme olayıyla ilişkilidir. İkinci grubu oluşturan Cudi Grubu dolomitleri, 64.3oC-93.8oC arasında değişen sıcaklık ve 9‰’e varan δ18Osu değerleri sağlamaktadır. Bu değerler, oldukça yoğun buharlaşmış deniz sularının meydana getirdiği yeniden kristallenme olayını temsil etmektedir. Üçüncü grubu oluşturan Mardin Grubu-GD ve Koruk Formasyonu dolomitlerinin kümelenmiş izotop sinyalleri 134.5oC-8‰’e varan sıcaklıklık ve δ18Osu değerlerine dönüştürülmüşlerdir. Bu değerler derin gömülme koşulları altında tamamlanmış yeniden kristallenme olayı ile karakterize edilmektedirler. En yüksek sıcaklık ve δ18Osu değerlerine sahip son grubun değerleri ise 140oC ve +6.5‰’i aşmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar kalın ve masif dolomit oluşumlarından sorumlu olan hidrotermal suların varlığını gösterdiği şeklinde yorumlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma petrol rezervuarlarını meydana getiren dolomitleşme olayının şifrelerini çözmeye yardımcı olan kümelenmiş izotop yönteminin yüksek potansiyelini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
The widespread Cretaceous aged Mardin Group is shallow marine carbonates and is the most proliferous section in SE Anatolia (SE Turkey). Clumped isotope temperatures were measured for Mardin dolomites between 92oC and 125oC. Using 1D basin model, clumped isotopes temperatures were converted to a depth and time for dolomitization from 2200 m (22 Ma) to 3420 m (14 Ma). Both the range of paleotemperature and burial depth reflects different degree of recrystalization event as a result of burial event. The oxygen isotopic composition of dolomitizing fluid varied between 3.32‰ and 6.31‰ which is significantly heavier than Cretaceous marine waters. The results indicates that late dolomitization are present in the study area and that a deeply buried dolomitizing pore fluid with high T has a negative influence on porosity system of the Mardin Group Reservoir.
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