Objectives To compare the in vitro activity of plazomicin and two older aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) against 180 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, including subsets of 60 non-ESBL-producing, 60 ESBL-producing and 60 carbapenem-resistant (46 carrying blaOXA-48, 11 carrying blaNDM and 3 carrying blaOXA-48 and blaNDM) strains. Methods MICs of plazomicin, gentamicin and amikacin were determined by a gradient diffusion method. Gentamicin and amikacin MICs were interpreted according to CLSI criteria and EUCAST breakpoint tables. Plazomicin MICs were interpreted using FDA-defined breakpoints. Results All non-ESBL-producing and ESBL-producing isolates were susceptible to plazomicin. The plazomicin susceptibility rate (71.7%) in carbapenem-resistant isolates was significantly higher than those observed for gentamicin (45%) and amikacin (56.7% and 51.7% according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively). Gentamicin, amikacin and plazomicin susceptibility rates (35.6% for gentamicin; 44.4% and 37.8% for amikacin according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively; 64.4% for plazomicin) in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were significantly lower than those observed for carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates (73.3% for gentamicin; 93.3% for amikacin and plazomicin). Gentamicin, amikacin and plazomicin susceptibility rates for blaNDM-positive isolates were lower than those observed for blaOXA-48-positive isolates, but differences were not statistically significant. Among the isolates that were non-susceptible to both gentamicin and amikacin, the plazomicin susceptibility rate was less than 30%. Conclusions Although plazomicin showed excellent in vitro activity against carbapenem-susceptible isolates, the plazomicin resistance rate increased to 35.6% among carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and further increased to 45.5% among blaNDM-positive isolates.
Sonuç olarak, solunum yolu enfeksiyonu etkeni izolatların direnç oranlarındaki artış dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. En yaygın saptanan izolatlar olan A. baumannii ve K. pneumoniae'nın tüm antibiyotik gruplarına yüksek direnç oranları göstermesi endişe vericidir. Doğru antibiyotik kullanımı için belirli zaman aralıklarında SYE'li hastalardan izole edilen bu tür mikroorganizmaların dağılım ve direnç profillerini gösteren çalışmaların yapılması gereklidir. Sonuçların ampirik tedavi protokollerinin güncellenmesinde ve klinisyenlerin doğru antibiyotik kullanımı konusunda yönlendirilmesinde yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The etiology and pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) is still unclear despite many studies within the last four decades. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based procedures are suggested for detection of the causative bacteria supposed to inflict multiple infections. In the current study, culture and PCR based approaches were used to detect the frequency of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, which have been known as common pathogens in middle ear effusions (MEE) of patients with otitis media. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The DNAs of these three bacteria were detected by standard and multiplex PCR techniques in MEE specimens and their diagnostic values were evaluated in comparison to the conventional culture method. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : Samples from 67 OME suspected children were analysed retrospectively. Two H. influenzae and two M. catarrhalis isolates were recovered by conventional culture method (6.0%; 4/67). Out of the 67 samples, seven S. pneumoniae, nine H. influenzae, and eleven M. catarrhalis isolates were detected vith PCR. In five samples, two concurrent bacteria were detected in following combinations: two S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, two S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis, and one H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value rates of the PCR technique were 100.0%, 71.4%, 18.2% and 100.0%, respectively. The difference between culture and PCR was statistically significant (p<0.001). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Although the specificity and positive predictive values are low, PCR, which allows rapid screening is feasible for detecting the most common fastidious bacteria that lead to OME. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Otitis media with effusion; streptococcus pneumoniae; haemophilus influenzae; moraxella catarrhalis; polymerase chain reaction; culture Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Efüzyonlu orta kulak iltihabının (EOKİ) etiyolojisi ve patogenezi, son 40 yıl boyunca yapılan çok sayıda çalışmaya rağmen hala çok açık değildir. Çoklu enfeksiyöz ajanların sorumlu olduğu düşünülen bu hastalıkların nedenini saptamak için polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) temeline dayanan yöntemler önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, EOKİ şüpheli çocuklardan alınmış 67 orta kulak sıvısı (OKS) örneği incelendi. OKS'de yaygın patojenler olarak bilinen H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae ve M. catarrhalis oranlarını saptamak için kültür ve PZR teknikleri uygulandı. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu üç bakterinin DNA'ları OKS örnek-lerinde standart ve multipleks PZR yöntemleri ile saptandı ve bunların tanısal değerleri, altın standart olarak kabul edilen konvansiyonel kültür yöntemi ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirildi. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Konvansiyonel kültür yöntemiyle iki H. influenzae ve iki M. catarrhalis kökeni izole edildi (%6,0, 4/67). PZR ile 7 S. pneumoniae, 9 H. influenzae ve 11 M. ca...
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