One of the most significant environmental problem that needed to be identified and managed is the intrusion of salty water into the aquifers. Human actions, such as excessive irrigation pumping, as well as the rising sea level, have generated a vulnerable state for seawater intrusion into aquifers. Six effective factors have been focused on evaluating seawater intrusion of groundwater Dibdibba aquifer in Basrah, south of Iraq mainly based on the GALDIT-GIS model involving the groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater levels above sea level, distance to shoreline, impact the existing status of seawater intrusion, and thickness of the aquifer. Water samples were collected for 19 wells over the area concerned. Chemical parameters including SO₄²ˉ, Clˉ, and Total Dissolved Solids were applied for modeling in addition to measuring depth to groundwater level. The results of the GALDIT model showed that the Dibdibba aquifer revealed three levels of vulnerabilities arranged according to risks: a high level which occupied Umm Qasr area and the near distance of Khor Al-Zubair to shoreline with an area of 76.87 Km² and 82.56 Km², moderate level represented the long distance of Khor Al-Zubair to shoreline and Safwan areas about 205.21Km² and 196.61 Km², and low level represented Al-Muwailihat area with 139.65Km² and 142.61 Km² for the wet and dry season, respectively.

The study was conducted in the northern Arabian Gulf region using monthly rainfall data for the period 2003-2010 to calculate the SPI and a series of annual MODIS images for April of the same year for the calculation of NDVI. Changes in NDVI values were associated with changes in SPI values. The statistical study confirmed a strong and significant correlation between the SPI and NDVI indices at all stations and the highest value was recorded at Boubyan station (0.91). The values of NDVI in the study stations fluctuated with the changes in the annual intervals. The results also indicated the relationship strength and significant between rainfall and the NDVI index and the highest correlation strength at Abadan station (0.88). Based on the results of drought severity classification based on SPI values, the results showed that the study area was characterized by severe drought at most stations and most of the study period, especially in 2007 and 2008, and the lowest in 2003. The results of the study demonstrate the need to use this tool (NDVI) in relation to the SPI index to identify problem areas and thus formulate practical management decisions.

Seawater intrusion into the groundwater is a major environmental disaster which affects the environment as well as community. This research aims to analyze the seawater intrusion in the Dibdibba coastal aquifer. In this study, researchers used statistical techniques to examine the impact of seawater intrusion in the Dibddiba coastal aquifer in southern Iraq. They collected 15 groundwater samples from pumping wells during wet and dry periods and analyzed those using multivariate statistical analyses and ionic ratios based on the GIS technique. The results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between total dissolved solids (TDS) and several other ions, including Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl− SO−2 4, and NO−3. The principle component analysis revealed two factor loadings, with the first accounting for a significant portion of the total variance and showing a high loading for TDS, Na+, Cl−, SO−2 4, Mg2+, Ca2+, and NO−3. The second factor had a high loading for K+. The seawater influence was detected in 33.33 percent of the low zone groundwater, 26.66 percent of the moderate zone groundwater, and 40 percent of the high zone groundwater that was studied. Eighty and sixty-seven percent of the groundwater samples, respectively, belonged to the seawater field as Na-Cl type, as shown by Chadha’s graphic, demonstrating the effect of seawater intrusion. Also, during the wet time, 20% of the samples belonged to the reverse ion exchange water field as Ca-Mg-Cl type, but during the dry period, 33.3% did. This is further evidence of the impact of seawater intrusion.