Ultra-dense network (UDN) is characterized by massive deployment of small cells which resulted into complex backhauling of the cells. This implies that for 5G UDN to be energy efficient, appropriate backhauling solutions must be provided. In this paper, we have evaluated the performance of giga passive optical network (GPON) and V-band millimetre wave (mmWave) in serving as green backhaul solution for 5G UDN. The approach was to first reproduce existing backhaul solutions in Very Dense Network (VDN) scenario which served as benchmark for the performance evaluation for the UDN scenario. The best two solutions, GPON and V-band solutions from the VDN were then deployed in 5G UDN scenario. The research was done by simulation in MATLAB. The performance metrics used were power consumption and energy efficiency against the normalized hourly traffic profile. The result revealed that GPON and V-band mmWave outperformed other solutions in VDN scenario. However, this performance significantly dropped in the UDN scenariodue to higher data traffic requirement of UDN compared to VDN. Thus, it can be concluded that GPON and V-band mmWave are not best suited to serve as green backhaul solution for 5G UDN necessitating further investigation of other available backhaul technologies.

No abstract

5G Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs) will involve massive deployment of small cells which in turn form complex backhaul network. This backhaul network must be energy efficient for the 5G UDN network to be green. V-band and E-band mmWave technologies are among the wireless backhaul solutions tipped for 5G UDN. In this paper, we have compared the performance of the two backhaul solutions to determine which is more energy efficient for 5G UDN. We first formulated the problem to minimize power, then proposed an algorithm to solve the problem. This was then simulated using Network simulator 3.The first scenario made use of V-band mmWave while thesecond was E-band mmWave. The performance metricsused were power consumption and energy efficiency againstthe normalized hourly traffic profile. The performances ofthe two solutions were compared. The results revealed thatE-band mmWave outperformed V-band mmWave inbackhauling traffic in 5G UDN. It can be concluded that E-band green backhaul solution is recommended over V-bandmmWave for 5G UDN.

The spread of COVID-19 as wildfire has covered thirty-four (34) states of the federation including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The spread in Nigeria with an estimated population of over 206 million has been a major concern to the Federal and State governments. Lagos and Kano are the most populous states and have recorded highest number of confirmed cases in the country. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) released guidelines to reduce the spread of COVID-19 which include social distancing, frequent washing of hands, avoiding crowded places and physical contact, use of face masks, etc. Records have shown that the worst-hit places are urban centres such as Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Oshogbo, FCT, Kaduna, etc. COVID-19 risk factors in Nigeria include international exposure, high poverty level in the country, poor healthcare systems, population and crowded urban areas, internally displaced persons. This study aimed at using geospatial technologies to assess the spatial spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria while the objectives involved identifying risk factors, urban land use patterns, household living conditions and health facilities in Nigeria. Methodology included the use of administrative map of Nigeria, projected population data and COVID-19 data to generate land use map, population density and other products in GIS environment. The study recommended that both federal and state government should equip the treatment centres with basic health facilities and motivate health workers for optimal performance. Government should also assist farmers with seedlings, fertilisers and soft loans to ensure food security in the country.