Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are free-living bacteria that, as their name suggests, promote plant growth. However, they can also be of help in the biological control of plant diseases. This study reports the effects of two different commercially available strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FZB24 and FZB42) on tomato production in open and closed systems in the presence of different amounts of nutrients. Three factors were tested: (1) the type of nutrition system (open or closed), (2) the concentration of the nutrient solution (full or half strength), and (3) the PGPR applied (either B. amyloliquefaciens FZB24 or B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, or a no-PGPR control). Perlite was used as the growth medium. Variables related to water use efficiency, yield and fruit quality were assessed. The use of half strength nutrient solution was sufficient for full growth in the open system in both spring and autumn seasons. However, the same strength nutrient solution was associated with reduced yields in the closed system during the autumn season. The application of either strain of B. amyloliquefaciens increased the yield of the tomato plants by 8-9% in the open system in the spring, whereas they had an adverse effect on yield in the closed system under half strength nutrient solution conditions during the autumn.Additional key words: closed system, nutrient concentrations, open system, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, soilless culture. ResumenEfectos de la nutrición y de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivado en perlita Las rhizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas (PGPR) son bacterias que viven libres y, como su nombre indica, promueven el crecimiento de las plantas. Sin embargo, también pueden ser de ayuda en el control bioló-gico de las enfermedades de las plantas. En este estudio se investigaron los efectos de dos cepas comerciales de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FZB24 y FZB42) sobre la producción de tomate en sistemas abiertos y cerrados, en presencia de diferentes cantidades de nutrientes. Los tratamientos fueron: (1) tipo de sistema de nutrición (abierto o cerrado), (2) concentración de nutrientes (solución nutritiva completa o incompleta), (3) la PGPR aplicada (B. amyloliquefaciens FZB24, B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, o un control sin PGPR). Se utilizó perlita como medio de crecimiento. Se evaluaron las variables relacionadas con la eficiencia del uso del agua, producción de tomate y calidad del fruto. La solución de nutrientes menos concentrada fue suficiente para un pleno crecimiento en el sistema abierto en ambas estaciones (primavera y otoño). Sin embargo, la misma solución de nutrientes disminuyó en otoño la producción en el sistema cerrado. La aplicación de ambas cepas de B. amyloliquefaciens aumentó la producción de las plantas de tomate un 8-9% en el sistema abierto en primavera, mientras que tuvo un efecto adverso sobre la producción en otoño en el sistema cerrado con la solución menos concentrada.Palabras clave adicionales: concent...

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Since the onset of the commercial application of soilless culture, this production approach has evoluted at a fast pace, gaining popularity among growers throughout the world. As a result, a lot of information has been developed by growers, advisors, researchers, and suppliers of equipment and substrate. This study aimed to determine the cost and return of soilless greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production and to prepare a sample budget for growers. Soilless cultivation is an alternative production method for Turkish growers and it is being practised on a commercial basis on 180 ha. Cost and return budgets can be useful for growers because they allows growers to compare total production cost and revenue varying grower type, production time, geographical location, operation size, and cost structure. Growers can identify items in their budget that have a greater effect on profitability, and make adjustments. In this study, economic aspects of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production was analysed as comparative. Total costs were subtracted from total gross revenue to calculate the net return of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production. The cost items of soilless and soil-based greenhouse cucumber production were initial investment costs, variable costs, and fixed costs. Net return obtained from cucumbers grown in a mixture of perlite and zeolite was determined as € 1.84 m -2 , whereas it was € 1.48 m -2 in conventional soil-based production. Production and market risks both affect profitability and economic viability of soilless grown vegetables. Key words: Cucumis sativus L., vegetable, alternative agriculture, closed system, economic feasibility ESTUDO ECONÔMICO DA PRODUÇÃO DE PEPINO EM CULTIVOS COM E SEM SOLO EM CASAS DE VEGETAÇÃO NA TURQUIARESUMO: Desde o início da implantação de cultivos comerciais sem solo suas técnicas de produção tem evoluido em ritmo acelerado, ganhando popularidade entre agricultores de todo o mundo. Como resultado, uma grande quantidade de informação tem sido desenvolvida pelos produtores, consultores, pesquisadores e fornecedores de equipamentos e substratos. Determinaram-se o custo e retorno financeiro da produção de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e preparou-se um exemplo de orçamento para produtores. Na Turquia o cultivo sem solo é um método alternativo de produção para agricultores e é praticado em bases comerciais em 180 hectares. Por conseguinte, avaliações de custos e retornos podem ser úteis para produtores porque permitem aos mesmos comparar o custo total da produção e o retorno segundo variações de tipo de olericultor, tempo de produção, localização geográfica, tamanho do empreendimento e custo das estruturas. Os produtores podem assim identificar quais itens em seus orçamantos tem maior efeito na rentabilidade e fazer ajustes. Nesse estudo aspectos econômicos de cultivos de pepino em casas de vegetação sem solo e com solo foram analisados e comparados.Os custos totais foram subtraidos das receitas brutas para fins de cálculo do reto...

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