During puberty, there is a delay in sleep patterns and the circadian clock, and the prevalence of sleep difficulties is high among young adults. Thus, it is important to be able to measure chronotype (CT) in this group, both in the clinic and for broader epidemiological studies, to better understand the sleep difficulties observed. The reduced version of one of the most widely used questionnaire to measure CT, the Horne & Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), has been developed and validated in many languages. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Swedish reduced MEQ (rMEQ) and to investigate factors correlated with rMEQ scores in a random sample of young Swedish participants. We sent the rMEQ, sleep questions, demographic questions, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D) to 1000 randomly selected individuals aged 16-26 years in Uppsala, Sweden (response rate = 68%). A parallel analysis of the rMEQ revealed a single factor solution. Inter-item correlations within the questionnaire were between 0.08 and 0.46. One of the rMEQ items displayed weak correlations with the other questions. Cronbach's alpha of the rMEQ was 0.68. Low rMEQ scores (eveningness) were correlated with more frequent late bedtimes and difficulties getting up in the morning. Lower rMEQ scores were significantly related to male sex, no educational activity or work, nicotine use, younger age, and higher ISI and HADS-D scores. Even though the inter-item correlations of the rMEQ were very low to moderate, the rMEQ had a Cronbach's alpha not far off from acceptable levels, and the strong correlations of the rMEQ scores with responses to the sleep questions indicated that the rMEQ had an adequate validity. To conclude, the rMEQ can be used to effectively estimate CT when a short questionnaire is required; however, caution should be taken when interpreting the results considering the reliability of the questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensions of agitation in dementia patients using the Turkish version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI-T). Materials and Method: The study included 100 patients diagnosed as dementia, according to the DSM-IV-TR. The CMAI-T was administered to the patients' caregivers via face-to-face interviews. The Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE) was used to assess cognitive functions. The severity of depression and the functional state of the patients were assessed using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Principal component analysis and varimax rotation were used to determine the factor structure of the CMAI-T. Results: Factor analysis of the CMAI-T indicated a 3-factor structure: physically aggressive agitation, verbal agitation, and physically non-aggressive agitation. In 92% of the patients there was ≥1 agitation behavior during the previous 2 weeks. The CMAI-T total and factor scores were negatively correlated with the SMMSE scores, and positively correlated with the CSDD and the FAQ scores. Conclusions: The CMAI-T yielded 3 factors (physically aggressive agitation, verbal agitation, and physically non-aggressive agitation), which indicated the scale had construct validity. Agitation behaviors were associated with cognitive dysfunction, symptoms of depression and general level of functioning. Additional research is necessary to identify the predictors of these dimensions in different dementia samples, and to determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

The Internet is increasingly being used to acquire information about personal experiences and health, but the credibility of this information is debatable. It has been reported that methods of suicide and access to suicidal means are explicitly discussed in some of the websites, with users being encouraged to attempt suicidal acts in some cases. Access to web content with pro-suicidal features is monitored in many countries. In Turkey, the frequency of people visiting these websites is unknown. Moreover, a program has not been established that targets online users. This study aims to provide information about the information that a person may come across after searching online for suicide and suicide methods in Turkish language. Method: After searching for particular suicidal phrases (i.e., "suicide methods," "painless suicide," "guaranteed suicide," "killing yourself " and "how can I die") in the Google search engine, three psychiatrists evaluated the results independently, according to the content. Results: 42 of the 100 websites (42%) were found to have properties that are pro-suicidal, whereas 13 of them (13%) were found to have content that may be considered protective against suicidal thoughts and actions. Among the websites that were reported to be protective, none had any kind of supervision or guidance from mental health professionals. Conclusion: Suicidal content, as well as the possibility of content generated on the Internet, should be taken into account while planning suicide prevention programs. Further studies are needed to determine which risk factors and protective features of the Internet affect suicidal behavior among individuals.

No abstract

ÖZETÖzkıyım davranışı, ergen ölüm nedenleri arasında ilk sıralarda yer alan, önem-li bir klinik sorundur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre 15-44 yaş arası nüfusta üçüncü en sık ölüm nedeni özkıyımdır. Ülkemizde 15-24 yaş grubunun ölüm nedenleri arasında ikinci sıradadır. Özkıyımı öngörmede psikiyatrik bozukluk, önceden özkıyım girişimi varlığı, sosyal, kültürel ve ailesel özellikler bilinen risk etmenleridir. Ancak ergenin bilişsel gelişim düzeyi ve bilişsel şemaları da en az diğer etmenler kadar önemlidir. Ergenlerde özkıyım davranı-şına neden olan bilişsel etmenlerin anlaşılması, önleme ve tedavi için ciddi öneme sahiptir. Ergen özkıyımlarında rol oynayan bilişsel etmenler ve çarpıt-malar arasında; umutsuzluk, sorun çözme, bilişsel katılık, ya hep ya hiç biçi-minde düşünme, mükemmeliyetçilik, kişisel algılama, felaketleştirme ve zaman perspektifi sayılabilir. Bu yazıda ergenlerde özkıyım davranışı ve ilişkili bilişsel etmenler kısaca gözden geçirilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Ergen, özkıyım, bilişsel çarpıtmalar. ABSTRACTSuicide is one of the leading causes of adolescent death and is an important clinical problem. According to World Health Organization, it is the third most common cause of death for 15-44 age group worldwide and is the second most common cause of death for 15-24 age group in Turkey. The presence of a psychiatric disorder and previous suicidal acts, social, cultural and family related factors are well known predictors of suicide. However, cognitive developmental level and schemes are as important as the other factors. For prevention and treatment, it is essential to understand cognitive factors that lead adolescents to suicide. Cognitive factors and distortions that might have a role in adolescent suicides are hopelessness, problem solving deficits, cognitive rigidity, dichotomous thinking, perfectionism, personaliz-©2013, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar eISSN:1309-0674 pISSN:1309-0658