The effects of a high fat diet on the development of diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and secretion have been widely investigated. We investigated the effects of a high fat diet on the pancreas and skeletal muscle of normal rats to explore diet-induced insulin resistance mechanisms. Forty-four male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: a control group fed standard chow, a group fed a 45% fat diet and a group fed a 60% fat diet for 3 weeks to measure acute effects; an additional three groups were fed the same diet regimens for 8 weeks to measure chronic effects. The morphological effects of the two high fat diets were examined by light microscopy. Insulin in pancreatic islets was detected using immunohistochemistry. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and insulin staining intensity in islets increased significantly with acute administration of high fat diets, whereas staining intensity decreased with chronic administration of the 45% fat diet. Islet areas increased significantly with chronic administration. High fat diet administration led to islet degeneration, interlobular adipocyte accumulation and vacuolization in the pancreatic tissue, as well as degeneration and lipid droplet accumulation in the skeletal muscle tissue. Vacuolization in the pancreas and lipid droplets in skeletal muscle tissue increased significantly with chronic high fat diet administration. We suggest that the glucolipotoxic effects of high fat diet administration depend on the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid content in the diet and to the total fat content of the diet.

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Impairment of cardiac function causes renal damage. Renal failure after heart failure is attributed to hemodynamic derangement including reduced renal perfusion and increased venous pressure. One mechanism involves apoptosis and is defined as cardiorenal syndrome type 1. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine that induces erythropoiesis under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) plays a regulatory role in cellular response to hypoxia. Protective effects of EPO on heart, kidney and nervous system are unrelated to red blood cell production. We investigated early changes in and effects of EPO on renal tissues of rats with myocardial infarction by morphology and immunohistochemistry. Coronary artery ligation was used to induce myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Group 1 comprised sham operated rats; groups 2, 3 and 4 included rats after coronary artery ligation that were sacrificed 6 h after ligation and that were treated with saline, 5,000 U/kg EPO or 10,000 U/kg EPO, respectively; group 5 included rats sacrificed 1 h after ligation. Group 2 showed increased renal tubule damage. Significantly less tubule damage was observed in EPO treated groups. EPO and EPO receptor (EPO-R) immunostaining intensities increased slightly for group 5 and became more intense for group 2. EPO and EPO-R immunostaining was observed in the interstitial area, glomerular cells and tubule epithelial cells of EPO treated groups. HIF-1α immunostaining was observed in collecting tubules in the medulla only in group 2. Caspase-3 immunostaining is an indicator of apoptosis. Caspase-3 staining intensity decreased in renal medulla of EPO treated groups. EPO treatment may exert a protective effect on the renal tissues of patients with cardiorenal syndrome.

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bsbd@balikesir.edu.tr www.bau-sbdergisi.com ÖZET GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Bir toplum içerisinde yetişen çocukların bedensel, sosyal ve ruhsal yönden sağlıklı gelişmesi o toplumun kalkınması ve ilerleyebilmesi için önemli bir faktördür. Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali farkındalık düzeyinin yeterliliği tartışma konusudur. Çalışmamızın amacı öğretmenler, sağlıkçılar ve üniversite 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusunda bilgi düzeyini değerlendirmek ve önerilerini ileri çalışmalara temel oluşturması için belirlemektir. YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalışmaya 70 sağlık çalışanı, 95 öğretmen ve 200 öğrenci olmak üzere 365 kişi katılmıştır. Anket soruları Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün (WHO) çocuk istismarı ve ihmali tanımı temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Sağlıkçılar, öğretmenler ve üniversiteye yeni başlamış öğrencilerin çocuk istismarı konusundaki bilgi düzeyleri, yüz yüze anket uygulama metodu kullanılarak yapılan anketler ile değerlendirilmiştir. BULGULAR: Çalışmamızın sonuçları, katılımcıların büyük bir kısmının çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusunda yetersiz bilgi birikimine sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu veriler bölgesel özellikler dikkate alınarak çocuk istismarı ve ihmali konusunda eğitim programlarının oluşturulmasına ve üniversite öncesi eğitime bu programların entegre edilmesine ihtiyaç olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: çocuk istismarı ve ihmali, öğretmenler, öğrenciler, sağlıkçılar, anket SUMMARY INTRODUCTION:One of the most important factors for a society to develop and progress is that the children in that society grow up healthily, socially and mentally. The level of awareness of child abuse and neglect has been a topic of discussion. The aim of our study is to detect the level of the knowledge of child abuse and neglect among teachers, health care workers and 1st year university students and by using the ideas of create a base for further studies that will help child abuse. METHODS: In this study, 70 health care workers, 95 teachers and 200 students participated, including 365 people. The survey questions are based on World Health Organization's (WHO's) child abuse and neglect definition. The data about the level of knowledge of child abuse and neglect among health care workers, teachers and the students who just started university, has taken with face-to-face survey method. RESULTS:The results of our study showed most of the participants have insufficient knowledge about child abuse and neglect. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The data revealed that considering the local features, there is a need to create education programmes about child abuse and they should be integrated with pre-university education.