No abstract

This study was carried out in order to determine the enzyme activity of the wood vinegar obtained from the hazelnut shells with the potential of bio-pesticide in agro-ecosystem soil, and its effect on the microfungi and heterotrophic bacteria in total. The study was realized in the production seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, in the ecological conditions of the province Muş (in Turkey) on winter wheat field and with four repetitions according to Randomized Blocks Experimental Design. The treatments within the scope of the experiment were conducted as the six different doses of wood vinegar at 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 5.0% mL, and the control treatment which was only provided with tap water. Repeated Measurement ANOVA was used to determine the effect of wood vinegar at different doses, the production seasons and periods (pre-and post-treatment) on relevant features. As based on the statistical inferences, only the Treatment × Year and Period × Year interaction effects in terms of the number of heterotrophic bacteria (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011); and only the Period × Year interaction effects for the number of microfungi (P = 0.000) were found statistically significant. Therefore, the effect of the treatments made on the number of heterotrophic bacteria varied by the production seasons. In a similar way, the effect of the production season and periods on the number of microfungi also changed as based on the term. While the effect of period (P = 0.000) and the Treatment × Period interaction (P = 0.014) effect were significant for Alkaline Phosphatase activity, Year × Period (P = 0.001) and Treatment × Period interactions (P = 0.000) were found significant as related to Beta Glucosidase activity. In conclusion, it may be stated that the wood vinegar used at different doses with the purpose of protecting plant and/or crop in wheat agro-ecosystem does not have a negative effect on microbial factors determined in the soil, and especially, the treatment of 3% mL has a positive effect on bacteria number and Beta Glucosidase enzyme activity.

Application of chemical fertilizers besides economic concerns has been a reason of environmental and ecosystem degradation, so sustainable organic agriculture is becoming popular in researches and among farming communities. Phosphorus holds second position after nitrogen among macronutrients required for better plant growth and is needed in higher amounts. Meeting this high phosphorus input for better crop yields causes environmental problems like eutrophication, so phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are being emphasized to utilize phosphorus fixed in soil layers. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of PSB on plant growth, soil biological properties including enzymes and soil respiration. Treatments including control, 50 mg kg -1 nitrogen, 50 mg kg -1 nitrogen and 12 mg kg -1 phosphorus applications reduced dosage of nitrogen 25 mg kg -1 with PGPR and 25 mg kg -1 nitrogen along with 0.12 g raw phosphate and PGPR. Results indicated that plant parameters like above and below ground plant biomasses (fresh and dry weight), plant nitrogen and phosphorus content were significantly enhanced in all the treatments when compared with the control. While soil pH in rhizosphere significantly increased with the treatments, bulk soil pH decreased with PGPR treatments when compared with all other treatments. EC values in rhizosphere and bulk soils were not significantly influenced with the treatments. Rhizospheric and bulk soil showed high amount of N, P and organic matter in PGPR treatments. Alkaline phosphatase and βglucosidase activities were found significantly higher in the last treatment than the other treatments. Basal soil respiration was interestingly found higher in control soil but did not differ statistically from the other treatments. Concluding, application of PGPR with lower amounts of chemical fertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and has also potential of improving soil health in long term aspects.

Biochar application to soils is being considered as a means to sequester carbon (C) while concurrently improving soil functions. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the effects of biochar from the pyrolysis poultry litter (PL) on the soil enzyme activities, organic matter content and growth of tomato, pepper and lettuce plants. In the experiment, the combination of 15.15.15 composite fertilizer with 0, 200, 400 and 600kg/da doses of PL biochar were applied into the clay loam soil. Compared to the control and chemical fertilizer alone, the soil organic matter was significantly increased after biochar amendments. β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and arylsulphatase enzyme activities in soils were increased by the biochar applications significantly (P<0.05). Plant fresh and dry weight of tomato, pepper and lettuce plants were higher in 4kg/ha PL biochar treatment than in the other treatments. The results showed that PL biochar amendment to soils in the agricultural use increased yield of plants and enzyme activities with increasing soil organic matter content as well as improving soil properties.

Öz Bu çalışmada odun sirkesinin toprak düzenleyici ve hastalık önleyici olarak tarımsal amaçlı kullanılabilirliğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci aşamasında sera denemesi kurularak farklı uygulama şekillerinde odun sirkesinin buğday bitkisi gelişimi ile bazı toprak özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmış, ikinci aşaması olan Biyosit denemesinde ise farklı dozlarda (% 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 ve 4) odun sirkesinin şeker pancarı yaprak lekesi hastalığı etmeni Cercospora beticola'ya karşı etkinliği in-vitro çalışmasıyla ortaya konulmuştur. Sera denemesinde yetiştirilen buğday bitkisinin yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları ile azot ve fosfor kapsamları, toprağın toplam azot, NH 4 +-N ve NO 3-N değerleri en düşük kontrolde, en yüksek ise odun sirkesi ile kaplanmış tohum+yapraktan uygulanan odun sirkesinde belirlenmiştir (p < 0,05). Sera denemesinde tüm odun sirkesi uygulamaları toprakların pH, EC, OM, kireç, P ve K değerlerini kontrole göre değiştirmiş olmasına rağmen sadece fosfor kapsamı önemli derecede (p < 0,05) artmıştır. Biyosit denemesi sonuçlarına göre, odun sirkesi uygulamaları, % 0,5 dozda uygulanan hariç C. beticola gelişimini in-vitro koşullarda tamamen engellemiştir. Odun sirkesinin % 0,5 uygulama dozunda ise yüksek virülensliğe sahip C. beticola izolatlarının gelişimini % 77,4 ve % 91,1 oranında engelleyebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bir başka ifade ile odun sirkesinin düşük doz uygulamalarının bile virülensliği yüksek olan C. beticola izolatlarının gelişimini büyük oranda engelleyebildiği görülmüştür. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda odun sirkesinin biyosit olarak in-vivo koşullarda denenmesinin yararlı sonuçlar verebileceği kanısına varılmıştır.