Coffee pulp biomass waste can easily be found anywhere in Indonesia, considering it is the fourth world's largest coffee exporter. The utilization of coffee pulp is very limited and is categorized as a source of pollutants in water bodies and soils. In contrast, coffee pulp waste is very potential because 63% of the main compound is cellulose. Microbial utilization of this waste for enzyme production purposes, especially cellulase, is a breakthrough that may lead to reduce production costs. Initial investigations showed that Aspergillus sp. VTM1 through solid-state fermentation (SSF) could produce cellulases. Optimal cellulase could be produced if 10 g coffee pulp with 10% moisture is inoculated using 108 spores/mL of Aspergillus sp. VTM1 for 48 hours at 30 °C. Hydrolysis of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrate in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5 by this cellulase showed that the enzyme activity reached up to 1.18 U/mL. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5 and stable at 3-3.5 and 4-7. The success of the first step of this investigation will be a cheap way of producing cellulases.

Probiotics are microbes in fermented foods that have beneficial effects on health. Microbes that act as probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that can produce metabolites such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. This study aimed to obtain lactic acid bacterial isolates from tape and tempeh, and to test the potential of LAB as a probiotic candidate by activity test as an antidiarrhea and its resistance to gastric pH and bile salts. The fermentation products used as a source of LAB isolates are tempeh sumber mas merk, and yellow cassava tape, sari madu merk from Jember. The results of the first stage regarding the isolation of LAB using GYP media showed that there were 2 LAB isolates (TaJ.14 and TaJ.15) from the tape and 4 LAB isolates (TeJ.18, TeJ.22, TeJ.24, and TeJ.25) from tempeh. The results of the antidiarrheal test using the disc diffusion method (oxoid) showed that TaJ.14 and TaJ.15 isolates were able to inhibit Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysentriae, while TeJ.18, TeJ.22, TeJ.24, TeJ.25, and Lactobacillus casei (control) was only able to inhibit B. subtilis and E. coli. The results of LAB resistance to gastric pH showed that the TeJ.25 isolate had the highest percentage of pH 3 and 2.5 resistance (51.13 and 33.03%) compared to other isolates and controls. LAB resistance test results against bile salts (oxgal) showed that the TeJ.22 isolate had the highest percentage of resistance (75.10%) compared to other isolates although was still higher in control (75.99%).

Daging sapi merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang mengandung protein tinggi dan termasuk media yang baik bagi pertembuhan mikroorganisme seperti bakteri. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah bakteri pada daging sapi yaitu metode hitung cawan. Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan pada metode hitung cawan yaitu metode pour plate, spread plate, dan drop plate. Penggunaan cara hitung cawan yang berbeda seta larutan pengencer yang berbeda menyebabkan hasil perhitungan yang berbeda juga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui perbedaan cara preparasi sampel serta larutan pengencer yang digunakan terhadap hasil hitung cawan bakteri pada sampel daging sapi. Metode hitung cawan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu pour plate, spread plate, dan drop plate dengan 3 jenis pelarut yaitu akuades steril, garam fisiologis 0,85% dan larutan Buffer Peptone Water (BPW) yang ditambahkan 1,25% Na Sitrat.Berdasarkan hasil penelitiandiketahui bahwa cara preparasi sampel daging sapi yang lebih efisien yaitu dengan cara dihaluskan ditunjukkan dengan hasil hitung cawan yaitu 106 CFU/gram dan hasil hitung tidak bervariasi dibandingkan daging sapi yang dipotong (105 CFU/gram) dengan hasil hitung yang bervariasi. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan cara preparasi sampel yang berbeda berpengaruh pada hasil perhitungan jumlah koloni disetiap metode hitung cawan. Larutan buffer peptone water dan garam fisiologis 0,85% merupakan larutan pengencer yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan larutan akuades. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan hasil hitung yang tidak bervariasi disetiap metode hitung cawan yang digunakan. Berdasarkan hasil hitung yang didapatkan, larutan buffer peptone water menghasilkan hasil perhitungan jumlah koloni terbesar.

About thirty-five percent of coffee pulp waste is pectin. It may potentially be a source to be used in the bioprocessing industry. For example, it can be used as a substrate to produce pectinase from microorganisms under solid-state fermentation (SSF). In this investigation, an isolated fungus VTM4 with density 107 spores/mL was grown on coffee pulp medium-based, and after 0-168 hours incubation at 30 °C, pectinase activity was detected. The activity was measured based on reducing sugar released by crude pectinase against 0.5% alkali extract pectin substrate in 20 mM buffer acetate pH 5. The highest reducing sugar produced was 223.34 µg/mL after 72 hours of incubation at 30 °C. The optimum pH on enzyme activity was 4 with the maximum activity 0.747 U/mL and was stable (more than 80%) at a pH range of 4-5.5. The results revealed that the coffee substrate could be utilized as a carbon and nitrogen source to produce pectinase. Further research on purification and characterization of the enzyme to improve pectinase yield production was needed.

Isolate VT11 is a fungal cellulolytic isolated from vermicomposting oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). Isolate VT11 has a cellulolytic activity index of 1.0 on 1% CMC, but this isolate has never been used to produce cellulase from coffee pulp waste. The coffee pulp consists of organic components with the highest cellulose content (63%) so that it can be used as a substrate for cellulase production by fungal cellulolytic under solid-state fermentation (SSF). This study aims to know the potential of isolate VT11 as a candidate for cellulase producer. The potential of isolate VT11 as a candidate for cellulase producer was known by the cellulase activity on coffee pulp waste under solid-state fermentation. After that, cellulase was characterized by pH optimization and stabilization. Cellulase production was done by inoculating isolate VT11 in 10 g solid substrate of coffee pulp. The result shows that the isolate VT11 can potentially produce cellulase with the highest enzyme activity of 1.857 U/mL after 96 hours of incubation at 30 °C. Cellulase from isolate VT11 is optimal at pH 4.5 and stable at pH 5-6.5. Based on this result, it is suggested that the isolate VT11 can be used for cellulase production using coffee pulp waste as substrate agro-industrial residues. Further investigation such as species identification of isolate VT11, purification, and characterization of cellulase produced by isolate VT11 was needed.