Municipal waste is growing rapidly due to the increase in the human population. Higher production of leachate from the treatment plant also cause problems to the landfills storage. Takakura composting method (TCM) is one of the techniques that is frequently used to recycle and transform the organic materials into a natural fertilizer. In this project, the leachate sludge will be mix together with food waste in order to enhance the degradation of the organic matter. The use of cultivated microorganisms which will be produced from the fermentation solution. The physical and chemical analyses were observed in order to determine the rate of microbial activity optimum condition of the good compost. The parameters that were analyzed are temperature, moisture content, pH value, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) and heavy metals concentration. All four types of compost with 1 kg weight ended with a neutral pH in the range 7-8 after 5 weeks’ observations. NPK content for potassium is from 57 ppm to 104 ppm, phosphorus is from 2.5 ppm to 15 ppm and nitrogen is from 0.9% to 3 %. For heavy metal content at the end of the observation, all composts have a low level of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Cr where it is safe to be used in agriculture activities. As a conclusion, the compost in this study is sufficient to be used in agricultural purposes, and the optimum condition of the compost was demonstrated by Compost C which uses the ratio of 0.3: 0.2: 0.5 (gram).

Air pollution has become a crucial problem nowadays, especially on particulate matter. Major sources of particulate matter came from transportation, while wind speed, temperature and other factors can contribute to this problem. This research focuses on the determination of levels of particulate matter at residential and educational areas in Shah Alam. Two (2) sites were chosen, namely Flat Nilam Sari that represented the residential areas while University of Selangor represented the educational areas. Four (4) sets of levels of particulate matter and other parameters (traffic volume, temperature and wind speed) were obtained by using Dylos DC1700 Laser Particle Counters and Mini Thermo-Anemometer respectively. The results obtained showed that the particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) at both study areas are below permissible limits required by Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQS). However, the Air Quality Indexes of PM2.5 at both study areas shows that the AQI readings are categorized as unhealthy. The highest AQI reading was 159, which was recorded at residential area. In most cases, the results revealed that particulate matter produced by traffic vehicles has significant correlation with the increase of travelled particles. From the correlation analysis, both study areas have significant correlation of PM2.5 with medium vehicles while the educational area has correlation with all types of heavy, medium and small vehicles.

The Fluid Mechanics course has been identified as one of the highest failure rate courses in the Diploma in Civil Engineering among undergraduate students. This course deals with the behaviour of fluids under various forces as well as its application in the civil engineering field and is equally important compared to other fundamental courses. It appeared that students' achievements based on designated course outcomes, which are to explain basic knowledge of fluid mechanics and formulate engineering problems related to fluid mechanics, were mostly unsatisfactory. In an effort to foster the issue, an intervention programme was introduced, whereby it has been conducted for two semesters, physically and virtually. This programme maintains the conventional teacher-centred method while applying an active learning environment where lecturers guide students creatively in problem-solving exercises that focus on critical subtopics. During the face-to-face sessions, the programme was conducted for two hours in three sessions. The online programme session, on the other hand, was carried out due to COVID-19 restrictions, conducted in three live sessions led by different lecturers. The recorded videos were shared with the students for further use afterwards. The findings indicate that the Intervention Programme fulfilled physically (semester March 2019 -July 2019) has decreased the percentage of failure rate by 0.48% compared to the previous semester without the intervention (semester September 2018 -January 2019), while for online intervention, the failure rate has slightly increased by 0.35% (semester October 2020 -February 2021) when compared to no intervention held (semester March 2020 -July 2020). However, a comparison made between these two methods shows that an online intervention programme has significantly improved the percentage failure rate as compared to a face-toface intervention programme by a decrement of 12.77%. Such interventions, especially if conducted online, would have a significant impact on academic outcomes and help in eliminating the achievement gap among students.

The pozzolanic properties of the industrial by-product palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has given this material a unique characteristic that can be used as a cement substitute. Meanwhile, the abundance of waste seashells which contain an enormous amount of calcium oxide (CaO) available around the world has led this material to be another potential waste material as substitutes for conventional materials in concrete. The percentage amount of POFA used as a replacement was constant at 20% from the amount of cement. On the other hand, mussel shell powder (MSP) was replaced by 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% with the decrement of 2% of OPC used for each of the design. The physical and chemical properties of the materials and the mechanical properties of concrete brick were identified for 7, 14 dan 28 days. The inclusion of POFA and MSP in the concrete brick mix in this study reduced the compressive strength of the concrete in the early days and enhanced at the late stages. Apart from that, the compressive strength of the concrete brick mixtures decreased along with the increasing percentage of MSP as the increment content of CaO from MSP reduced the hydration process. The optimum percentage of MSP replacement in this study is 4% with 20% replacement of POFA and 76% OPC. The application of these materials as supplementary cementitious materials in the construction industry, particularly in producing non-load concrete brick will simultaneously encourage reducing potential pollutions and promote sustainability.

This paper describes the performance of cognitive outcomes attainment of the undergraduate diploma in civil engineering students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus. Specifically, this study examined the different cognitive outcomes attained among this population from before until during the implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) starting in the March 2020 semester. The study utilised data from the Programme Outcomes (POs) analysis by the Outcomes Based Education Committee every semester. This study identified different cognitive outcome attainments both before and during the COVID-19 semesters among students. The attainments used for the students are based on the Averaging Model, in which all courses contributing to the achievements are considered in the calculation of the cognitive outcomes average. The increase in percentages recorded from the result indicates that the shift to online learning has a useful effect on students' performances in cognitive attribution. Findings also show that some assessment grades, such as assignments, quizzes, and tests during COVID-19 semesters, can possibly improve greater achievements in cognitive level among students. The study discusses the implementation and functional descriptions of the findings and how they would be beneficial to stakeholders.