Psoriasis is a chronic T lymphocyte mediated systemic inflammatory disease characterised by recurrent exacerbations and remission of thickened, erythematous and scaling plaque and multiple comorbidities. Based on morphology and extend of involvement dermatosis may range from innocuous lesion to wide spread life threatening pustular and erythrodermic forms. Psoriasis is a multifactorial skin disease and it involves a complex pathogenesis. It can be explained by a immunological disregulation of cell function along with differentiation or proliferation of keratinocyte. Psoriasis treatment aims to reduce skin inflammation and to clear skin. Conventional therapy usually includes topical, light and systemic medications. All the three therapies are found to be good for the treatment but are associated with a number of side effects like increased skin sensitivity, burning, skin staining, xerosis and alopecia etc.  Nowadays various recent therapeutic advances are attempting to control the T cell expression by the suppression of same and are correlates with the clinical remission. Immunomodulators and biological therapy contribute a new way for psoriasis therapy. These drugs are more safer, effective and selective immunosuppressive agents as compared to conventional agents. This review summarisesthe variousimmunomodulators used in the treatment of psoriasis Keywords: Psoriasis, conventional therapy, immunomodulators

Tuberculosis is a potentially serious communicable disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. That mainly affects lungs. Tricky mitigation and diagnosis cause the childhood tuberculosis a growing burden for society. Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) strategy is one of the largest public health programmes found to be beneficial against tuberculosis. Anti-tubercular treatment shows greater level of efficacy high degree of toxicity; however combination treatment, especially during the intensive phase of therapy may produce severe adverse events. First line therapy of Tuberculosis leads to serious adverse effects. Serious adverse effects are less in children receiving drug therapy. Major adverse event associated with anti TB drugs is hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Tuberculosis, DOTS, isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin

The eyes are the windows to the body, healthy brain function needs healthy eyesight. Recently so many problems arise due to the unsafe use of ocular cosmetics. Eye cosmetics can cause ocular allergy or toxicity. It produces mild discomfort to serious vision threatening problems. This review focus on the reason as well as problems associated with ocular cosmetics. Based on the data from various reviews and research shows that preservatives, metals & fragrances include in the products are the main causative agents for ocular allergy. The main adverse reactions were found to be allergic blepharo conjunctivitis, disruption of the tear film and other inflammatory reactions. The purpose of this article is to give a general awareness about the safe use of ocular cosmetics to get rid of ocular allergy. Keywords: Ocular cosmetics; Ocular Allergy; Allergic contact blepharo conjunctivitis; inflammatory reactions.

Sodium Glucose Co-transporter2 inhibitors are one of the latest anti diabetic drugs that are approved by USFDA. It include Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin , Ipragliflozin,Empagliflozin, Tofogliflozin,and Luscogliflozin. They act by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of glucose in kidney and increasing urinary excretion of glucose. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the workload of the proximal tubules and improve tubulointerstitial hypoxia, and allow fibroblasts to start normal erythropoietin production, and thereby exhibit renoprotection .These drugs have beneficial role in the reduction of HbA1c, cardiovascular risk factors and proteinuria. Use of SGLT2 inhibitor is contraindicated in patients with estimated GFR less than 30 mL/min or End stage renal failure Genitourinary infections are most common adverse effects associated with these drugs, predominantly in female. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Nephropathy, Hyperfiltration, Natriuresis, Macroalbuminuria, Endothelial dysfunction, Intraglomerular filtration, ketoacidosis, amputations, apoptosis

Objective: To compare the safety and effectiveness of monotherapy as well as combination therapy with disease modifying anti rheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Data sources: Study works limited to the English language and more concentrated to adults by using Google Scholar, PubMed and The Cochrane library. Summary: Some head to head trial works, retrospective studies and prospective cohort studies were used to compare the safety and effectiveness of the therapy. Here we go through the comparison in between each disease modifying anti rheumatoid drug (DMARD) monotherapy, combination with monotherapy and also combination with combination therapy. Conclusion: Among the synthetic DMARDs monotherapy, methotrexate would be the preferred DMARD. Biological DMARDs have more efficacy than synthetic agents and have comparable safety profile. Rituximab would be the preferred agent among the bDMARDs. Since synthetic agents are more economical as compared to biologicals, hence these are preferred over biological agents. Combinations of biological DMARDs with methotrexate have improved efficacy and safety than methotrexate monotherapy. Combination of biological DMARDs have no advantage over biological monotherapy, there was an increased safety risk and no therapeutic benefit. Combination of biological DMARDs with methotrexate have better efficacy than monotherapy with either bDMARDs or methotrexate alone. A triple combination therapy of synthetic DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine) had better safety, effectiveness and high tolerability than double combination therapy or monotherapy. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs