The use of polymeric material such as polyethylene (PE) and polyamides (PA) made it possible to achieve significant profits in design construction times and installation costs. The objective of this study is to highlight the various mechanisms of rupture of polyethylene pipes in service and in laboratory conditions under fatigue and creep loadings. It is known is some cases that at least two mechanisms control PE pipe failures based on results cumulated in operating conditions. They are nominally ductile and brittle mechanisms respectively characterizing short and long-term failures. Several laboratory tests are used to extract design data for long-term failure-type prediction based on stress and time-to-failure relationship. It remains difficult to assess the relation between creep and fatigue loadings on one side. On the other side, the manufacturing process of the test specimens influences considerably the obtained performance for viscoelastic materials subjected to working conditions and environmental effects. Brittle-toductile transition is studied under fatigue crack propagation mode using an energy criterion. The brittle fracture damage zone is characterized by a single craze made up by locally drawn fibers and dispersed voids whereas ductile rupture is rather dominated by highly yielded material and significantly transformed matter as observed under polarized-light microscopy. The assessment of polyethylene pipe and polyamide parts failure mechanisms is to contribute to a better understanding of effects of other external chemical agents such as solvents in degrading the pipe overall resistance. Recent results from environmental stress cracking of PE pipe and exposed polyamide PA66 to detergent will be presented and correlated to mechanical properties degradation.
L'objectif de cetteétude expérimentale est d'établir la distribution des propriétés mécaniques et morphologiquesà travers la paroi d'un tube de transport du gaz naturel en polyéthylène de haute densité (HDPE). L'approche proposée utilise un filament continu et uniforme, automatiquement usiné du tubeà faible vitesse de coupe età profondeur de passe optimale afin de réduire le flux de chaleur ainsi que les modifications structurales. Des courbes typiques (σ-ε), dans chaque couche, sont obtenues sur une machine d'essai conçue pour les polymères et sont statistiquement analysées. Elles montrent que le comportement mécanique du tube en HDPE est pratiquement divisé en 3 zones distinctes dont la seconde reste la plusétendue. Le niveau de contrainte moyen exprimant l'étirageà froid pour une couche donnée est presque constantà travers l'épaisseur du tube. Les contraintes et le module d'élasticité donnent de très bonnes corrélations avec l'épaisseur indiquant une augmentation de la surface externe vers les couches internes. Ceci est expliqué par l'évolution de cristallinité durant le procédé de production faisant appel a un refroidissementéchelonné dans le temps et qui génère des contraintes résiduelles. Les corrélations statistiquesà l'écoulement plastique, au début de l'étirageà froid età la rupture indiquent des relations linéaires acceptables pour une probabilité d'erreur p ≤ 0,05. D'autre part, une corrélation linéaire croissante caractérise la relation entre la contrainte limite et le module d'élasticité. Ce résultat est confirmé dans la littérature pour deséprouvettes standards obtenues par moulage en compression.
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