Aim:The objective was to assess the knowledge and pattern of antibiotic and non narcotic analgesic prescription for pulpal and periapical pathologies among dentists, registered with IDA, in and around Hyderabad. Materials and Methods:Cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2014 to February 2014 in and around Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. A questionnaire for this cross-sectional survey was designed for evaluating the knowledge and patterns of antibiotic and non narcotic analgesic prescription for pulpal and periapical pathologies. It included some demographic information, questions regarding clinical and non clinical factors, type of antibiotics and non narcotics analgesics prescribed were recorded. Data was computed and analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics was performed. Results:The response rate for the study was 85%, 51.4% being males and 53.9% were pursuing post graduation. Of the respondents, 44.3% would prescribe medication with elevated body temperatures and evidence of systemic involvement, while 42.8% would prescribe medication for non clinical factors such as unsure of diagnosis. Necrotic pulp with acute apical periodontitis with swelling present and mod/severe preoperative symptoms was the most common condition identified for antibiotic therapy (56.4%). The first antibiotic of choice in patients with no medical allergies is amoxicillin, followed by amoxicillin and metronidazole. The first antibiotic of choice in case of allergic to penicillin was erythromycin. 55.1% and 37.3% would not prescribe antibiotic and analgesic after Root canal treatment respectively. The most commonly prescribed NSAID is Diclofenac (51.1%). Factors influencing the choice of analgesics among respondents is severity of pain (61.4%). 31.7% remained informed of current prophylactic practices through pharmaceutical companies followed by university training sessions and scientific societies (30.7%). Conclusion:The results of the present survey have demonstrated a lack of uniformity among the dental practitioners. All the clinicians should make themselves aware of the current guidelines available, to ensure highest degree of patient care.

Rapid, precise and timely identification of invasive pest insects such as aphids is important and a challenge worldwide due to their complex life cycles, parthenogenetic reproduction, sex and colour morphs. In this respect, DNA barcoding employing a 658 bp fragment of 5′ region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO-I) gene is an effective tool in addressing the above. In the present study, we employed CO-I for discriminating 142 individuals representing 32 species of aphids from India. Sequence analyses revealed that the intraspecific and interspecific distances ranged from zero to 3.8% and 2.31 to 18.9%, respectively. In addition, the study also showed for the first time the prevalence of three cryptic species, namely Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald) and Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) from India. Our work has clearly demonstrated that DNA barcoding is an efficient and accurate method for identification of aphid species (including cryptic species), an approach that potentially could play an important role in formulating viable pest management strategies, more especially biocontrol.

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Objectives: To study the histopathological features of mucosal and resected biopsy specimens for etiological diagnosis and comment on the extent, activity and severity of colonic lesions wherever possible by histological examination and correlate with the clinical diagnosis provided. Methods: Consecutive colonic biopsy/resected specimens received during a period of two years were included in this study. Clinical details with laboratory results were correlated with the pathological findings. Results: 124 mucosal biopsies and 56 resected specimens were included in this prospective study. Of 180 patients, 118(65.5%) were men. All age groups from 2-90 years were included in the study. Majority constituted 51-60 years (27.2%). Rectal bleeding was the most common presentation (71.1%) followed by constipation (48.9%). Two patients had normal mucosal biopsy, neoplastic lesion was noted in 78(43.3%) and the remaining majority 100 (55.5%) had non neoplastic etiology. Among non-neoplastic etiology, chronic non-specific colitis was the most common diagnosis (56%) followed by ulcerative colitis (17%) and ischemic colitis (10%). In benign lesions, inflammatory polyps (37.5%) were the commonest followed by tubular (40%) and villous adenomas (10%). Adenocarcinoma was the commonest neoplastic lesion noted in 95% of the patients. Rectum and cecum were the common sites of abnormality. Multiple deep biopsies that the relationship between tumour and stroma could be properly assessed as well as routine biopsies were adequate in 98.9% of the cases. Conclusion: The study was made as an effort to bring into light the spectrum of colonic lesions in a teaching hospital in South India.