The design and commercial manufacturing of mechanical sugarcane harvesters have taken place firstly in Hawaii, Australia, Southern USA (Louisiana and Florida) and Japan where the sugarcane production is fully mechanized. Significant researches of mechanical cane harvesting have also been done in Barbados, Brazil, Trinidad, Cuba, India and several other countries. Normally there are two sugarcane mechanical harvesting systems classified as follow: 1-Whole-stalk sugarcane harvesting system (the system which delivers whole stalk of canes). Large selfpropelled whole stalk harvesters operated only within full mechanization systems. Other tractor mounted machines or small single axle walkman steering cane cutters are fabricated for the conditions of developed countries. 2-Cut-chop-harvesting or chopper harvesting system (the system which chop the cane into billets while harvesting). This system is also called sugarcane combine harvesting system. All other cane harvesters are whole-stalk-harvesters developed to perform stalk base cutting as principle function and some of harvesters may include mechanisms for topping and/or windrowing in addition. Since manual harvesting of sugarcane is actually whole stalk harvesting by labors so that in changing from manual to a mechanical harvesting system, whole stalk harvesting may fit more easily. When replacing manual by mechanical harvesting whole stalk harvesting matches the existing system of reaping, transportation, storage and the feeding of cane into mill. Actually for semi mechanization, the machine will perform one or more of the functions done by the labor performing mix sugarcane harvesting system. Developed countries apply full mechanization for harvesting entire production of sugarcane. Australia use chopper machines for full mechanization sugarcane harvesting. United States of America apply full mechanization of sugarcane harvesting systems either by choppers (in Hawaii and Florida) or by solider whole stalk harvesters (in Louisiana). Countries grow large areas of sugarcane such as Brazil, India, Cuba, South Africa and China may have large agricultural sectors that economically apply full mechanization, medium sectors that apply semi mechanization and small size farms that still harvest sugarcane manually. These countries fabricate both of full and semi mechanization technology for sugarcane harvesting. Other countries such as Iran, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and other developed countries fabricate successful semi mechanization harvesters. Several trails have been done to locally demonstrate imported sugarcane harvesters. The demonstrated machines were not accepted by the local farmers because of poor performance. Other trails to develop and test local designs of sugarcane cutter harvesters through graduate student research programs have not yet been succeeded. The current article devoted to review the commercially available cane harvesters, report the efforts to mechanize cane harvesting and evaluate the conditions that determine the application of cane mechanical ...

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the internal size and thermal insulation of the hive on bee colonies strength (sealed brood area) and productivity (honey and pollen areas). Hives from Langstroth type were used containing honeybee colonies of equal strength from the species of hybrid carniolan. This study included three internal sizes of bee hives (0.024, 0.031 and 0.038 m 3 ); three insulation cases (without, with sackcloth and with foam); and three hive entrance direction (East, Southeast and South). The lowest mean hive temperatures recorded in the middle of January to be 18.3, 16.8 and 11.8°C with foam, sackcloth and without insulation, respectively. Average lower temperature were 20, 16.7 and 13.6 °C for internal hive sizes of 0.024, 0.031and 0.038 m 3 , respectively. Average temperature were 17.3, 16.9 and 16.6 °C for hive entrance direction South, Southeast and East, respectively. The mean area of honey, pollen and sealed brood at the end of March were 826, 652 and 3561 cm 2 , respectively when using foam insulator. And 884, 716 and 3626 cm 2 , respectively with internal hive size 0.024 m 3 . In case of south entrance direction the above areas were 845, 658 and 3542 cm 2 , respectively. Significant increase in hive temperature, honey, pollen and sealed brood areas were detected when using the lowest internal beehives size and foam insulator.