The design and commercial manufacturing of mechanical sugarcane harvesters have taken place firstly in Hawaii, Australia, Southern USA (Louisiana and Florida) and Japan where the sugarcane production is fully mechanized. Significant researches of mechanical cane harvesting have also been done in Barbados, Brazil, Trinidad, Cuba, India and several other countries. Normally there are two sugarcane mechanical harvesting systems classified as follow: 1-Whole-stalk sugarcane harvesting system (the system which delivers whole stalk of canes). Large selfpropelled whole stalk harvesters operated only within full mechanization systems. Other tractor mounted machines or small single axle walkman steering cane cutters are fabricated for the conditions of developed countries. 2-Cut-chop-harvesting or chopper harvesting system (the system which chop the cane into billets while harvesting). This system is also called sugarcane combine harvesting system. All other cane harvesters are whole-stalk-harvesters developed to perform stalk base cutting as principle function and some of harvesters may include mechanisms for topping and/or windrowing in addition. Since manual harvesting of sugarcane is actually whole stalk harvesting by labors so that in changing from manual to a mechanical harvesting system, whole stalk harvesting may fit more easily. When replacing manual by mechanical harvesting whole stalk harvesting matches the existing system of reaping, transportation, storage and the feeding of cane into mill. Actually for semi mechanization, the machine will perform one or more of the functions done by the labor performing mix sugarcane harvesting system. Developed countries apply full mechanization for harvesting entire production of sugarcane. Australia use chopper machines for full mechanization sugarcane harvesting. United States of America apply full mechanization of sugarcane harvesting systems either by choppers (in Hawaii and Florida) or by solider whole stalk harvesters (in Louisiana). Countries grow large areas of sugarcane such as Brazil, India, Cuba, South Africa and China may have large agricultural sectors that economically apply full mechanization, medium sectors that apply semi mechanization and small size farms that still harvest sugarcane manually. These countries fabricate both of full and semi mechanization technology for sugarcane harvesting. Other countries such as Iran, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and other developed countries fabricate successful semi mechanization harvesters. Several trails have been done to locally demonstrate imported sugarcane harvesters. The demonstrated machines were not accepted by the local farmers because of poor performance. Other trails to develop and test local designs of sugarcane cutter harvesters through graduate student research programs have not yet been succeeded. The current article devoted to review the commercially available cane harvesters, report the efforts to mechanize cane harvesting and evaluate the conditions that determine the application of cane mechanical ...

The experimental field work, carried out on the design of gated pipes system for testing, was locally made in the workshop in Esna village, Esna city, Qena Governorate. The main objective of the experimental field work was carried out in field to study the performance of gated pipe system tested to determine the head and discharge along gated pipeline. The flow variation was investigated through 30 meter long pipe of 160 mm outside diameter, with closed end having 40 gated pipes of 38 mm diameter. The orifice can be closed by sliding gate to about 46.6%. Therefore, the discharge regulation of flow through orifices along the gated pipes was about 53.4%.

This research with aims to evaluate the performances of local manufacturing sugar cane harvesting machine in field as responses+ to crop conditions. Field conditions determined to have important influence on the performance of a mechanical harvesting were: The inter row spacing of sugar cane. The sugar cane furrow depth. The transverse ridges intervals. The sugar cane field established before planted and continues in the field for 5 years. The results of the field and crop conditions show that in the field conditions of inter row spacing ranged from 0.85 to 0.9 m. Furrow depths ranged from 12 to 21 cm and transverse ridges intervals ranged from 12 to 20cm. and the crop conditions of the average crop density was 10.85 mealable stalks/m 2. For lodging condition the percent of erect crop was 66% in the case of newly planted crop reduced to 35% in case of the final Raton. Percent lodged was 26% in case of the newly planted crop increased to 37% in case of the final Raton. The percent of recumbent crop increased from 8% in the new crop to 28% in the final Raton. The average mealable stalk dimensions were 182.2cm for length 2.46cm diameter and 0.824 kg wight. Cane material mechanical properties, resulted that the average internodes of 500N for chair stress, 4258 N compression strength and 863.2 N for bending moment.

The aim of this study was to develop and test an oilseed expression machine for oil production. The tested parameters were: (1) Machine setting of one stage and double stage expression (2) Screw speeds of 30, 50, 70 and 90 rpm (3) Cake output clearance 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 and 1.4 mm (4) for double stage expression setting intermediate choke gap of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mm. and (5) Moisture content of oilseed 6 %, 8% and 10%. Results obtained increasing in expression efficiency by: reducing the choke gap, reducing the screw rotational speed, increasing seeds moisture-content to 8% (d.b),and using double stage machine. Maximum oil expression efficiency was 86% at 0.5 mm choke gap, 30 rpm screw rotational speed, 6% moisture content and two stage machine setting with 0.6 mm intermediate choke gap. On the other hand, minimum oil expression efficiency was 52% at 1.4 mm choke gap, 90 rpm screw rotational speed, 6% moisture content and single stage machine. The evaluated parameters affecting the expression process, oil productivity, expression efficiency, expressed oil temperature, oil production cost are discussed in the paper.

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