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The photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are negatively impacted by dust accumulation. The variance in dust density from point to point raises the risk of forming hot spots. Therefore, a prepared PDMS/SiO2 nanocoating was used to reduce the accumulated dust on the PV panels' surface. However, the effectiveness of these coatings is greatly influenced by geographical and climatic factors. Three identical PV modules were installed to run comparable experimental tests simultaneously. The first module is coated with the prepared PDMS/SiO2 nanocoating, the second is coated with commercial nanocoating, and the third module is uncoated and serves as a reference. The prepared nanocoating was hydrophobic and had a self-cleaning effect. The fill factors for the reference panel (RP), commercial-nanocoated panel (CNP), and prepared-nanocoated panel (PNP), were 0.68, 0.69, and 0.7, respectively. After 40 days of exposure to outdoor conditions, the dust densities on the RP and PNP panels' surfaces were 10 and 4.39 g/m2, respectively. Thus, the nanocoated panel's efficiency was found to be higher than that of the reference panel by 30.7%.

The research are developed design and constructed a prototype mechanism attached with a transplanter and used as a power source in the same time, in order to increase its efficiency. The sprayer was tested at four different spray heights, four different spray pressures, three different orifice diameter and four different nozzle spaces.

The experimental field work, carried out on the design of gated pipes system for testing, was locally made in the workshop in Esna village, Esna city, Qena Governorate. The main objective of the experimental field work was carried out in field to study the performance of gated pipe system tested to determine the head and discharge along gated pipeline. The flow variation was investigated through 30 meter long pipe of 160 mm outside diameter, with closed end having 40 gated pipes of 38 mm diameter. The orifice can be closed by sliding gate to about 46.6%. Therefore, the discharge regulation of flow through orifices along the gated pipes was about 53.4%.