No abstract

A complete higher-order set of equations of the Chew-Goldberger-Low theory has been derived. A slight modification of these equations produces the finite Larmor-radius hydromagnetic theory of Kennel and Greene. Some comments on the properties of these equations are given.

Abstract. Isochoric heating by electrons has been measured in the two limiting cases of small area thin foils with dominant refluxing and cone-long-wire geometry with negligible refluxing in the wire. Imaging of Cu K fluorescence, crystal x-ray spectroscopy of Cu K shell emission, and XUV imaging at 68 eV and 256 eV are discussed. Laser power on target was typically 0.5 PW in 0.7 ps. Heating by focused proton beams generated at the concave inside surface of a hemi-shell and from a sub hemi-shell inside a 30 • cone has been studied with the same diagnostic methods plus imaging of proton induced K . Conversion efficiency to protons has been measured and modeled. Conclusions from the experiments, links to theoretical understanding and relevance to fast ignition are outlined.

Large-scale density modification was optimally achieved by electromagnetic waves whose frequency matched the plasma frequency at a height where the ionospheric density profile was flat. The density in this region was dramatically clamped during the morning when it normally increases from solar ionization. Electromagnetic wave propagation in the polar magnetic field geometry and strongly resonantly enhanced electrostatic fields over a large region of constant density account for the observation.PACS 52.25.Sw, 52.70.Gw We report the observation of large-scale modification of the polar ionosphere by electromagnetic (EM) waves at modest power density (0.1