Background Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and also among Nepalese women. Breast self-examination is an important, cheap, and easy method for early diagnosis of breast cancer which can be cured in the majority of cases if diagnosed in the early stages. In developing countries like Nepal where the awareness regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination is poor, breast cancers are diagnosed at late stages resulting in a poor prognosis of the disease. The study assessed knowledge, practice, and factors associated with breast self-examination. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 262 women in the Butwal sub-metropolitan adopting multi-stage sampling. A pre-tested structured interview schedule and an observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data was entered in EPI-data and necessary univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were done in SPSS. Results The study found that more than half of the participants (55.3%) had poor knowledge of BSE. Only one-fourth (27.1%) of them were practicing BSE and among them, most of them (93.0%) had poor practice. The factors such as ethnicity from Brahmin/Chhetri [AOR = 2.099, 95% CI (1.106–3.981)], use of contraceptive devices [AOR = 9.487, 95% CI (2.166–41.558)], personal history of breast lump [AOR = 12.502, 95% CI (1.639–95.387)], family history of breast cancer [AOR = 5.729, 95% CI (1.337–97.512)], and knowledge of BSE [AOR = 4.407, 95% CI = 2.160–34.650)] were significant determinants of BSE practice among 20–49 years women. Conclusion The study concluded that most of the women had poor knowledge and practice of breast self-examination. The study also indicated the influence of ethnicity, contraceptives, personal and family history of cancer/early warning signs, and knowledge for practicing breast self-examination. There is an immediate need to increase the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination to prevent and detect breast cancer in its early stage.

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To evaluate risk factors in abnormal uterine bleeding and its management in tertiary care hospital. It is a prospective observational study carried out for a period of 6 months in the in-patient and out-patients department of Gynaecology. A total of 306 cases were analyzed out of that 88 cases had meaningful data for analysis. Most common risk factor observed in our study was Leiomyoma(29%). Major percentage of risk was observed in the age group 31-45years (64%). The diagnostic method used for screening and confirmation of AUB was USG Abdomen in 63 patients (58%). Most of the Out-patients and few in-patients were administered with anti-fibrinolytics to control heavy bleeding and along with combinational hormonal therapy for hormonal imbalance patients. The surgical procedure carried out was hysterectomy (53%).In the present study, drug induced uterine bleeding were not observed. In our study, abnormal uterine bleeding occurring without any known risk factors that can be included into the category of NOT YET CLASSIFIED according to PALM-COEIN classification, as to which physicians must be more cautious towards the patients visiting at Out- patient departments as it may lead to serious complications.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the incidence of Herpes infection (HSV-2) in women with Bad Obstetric History (BOH). Material and method:A retrospective study was conducted on 600 patients with BOH whose blood samples were referred to National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Delhi from various government hospitals of Delhi. ELISA was performed on these samples to detect HSV-2 IgM antibodies to establish the recent infection.Results: Out of the 600 samples screened; 42 (7%) tested positive. Of these 42 cases, 36 (85.7%) belonged to adult females with history of repeated abortions/stillbirth deliveries.Rest 6 were neonates of whom 4 (9.5%) had disseminated herpes, and 1 (2.3%) had neonatal cholestasis and history of fever with rash. Conclusion:This study showed significant correlation between HSV-2 infections and recurrent abortions in women and/or congenital/perinatal infection in neonates. As HSV-2 is a preventable & treatable disease, it should be actively looked in for in patients with BOH.