Boko-Haram insurgency has drastically affected the supply and distribution of agricultural produce especially Cowpea from the Northeast Nigeria to the markets in southern part of Nigeria due to unwillingness of traders to embark on journey to the troubled zone for fear of attack from the insurgency. This study investigated the perceived effect of Boko Haram on available means of getting the stock from the trouble zone to the Bodija markets Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. All data were described and inferential statistics was employed to analyze the hypotheses. The finding revealed that the majority of the respondents were male in their active age and had more than 15 years experience in the cowpea marketing. Age (P = 0.013, χ 2 = 16.169), Tribe (χ 2 = 11.220, ≤0.05), Education (χ 2 = 17.049, ≤0.05), Experience in marketing (χ 2 =27.455, ≤0.05), means of accessing cowpea from insurgence zone to market (r = −0.241, ≤0.05) were significantly related to perceived effect of Boko-Haram insurgency on means of accessing cowpea among traders. The study concluded that the insurgence had a detrimental effect on means of accessing cowpea from the troubled zone to Bodija market. Therefore, the need to intensify efforts in curbing the menace by the government and formulation of policies that will discourage terrorism were advocated for reducing the effect insurgency on means of accessing cowpea and other food crops from the north to zones in the country.

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Natural and forest-rich ecosystems are determinants of environmental sustainability, which are threatened by forest land conversion for agricultural purposes, especially in less-developed contexts. Moreover, human behaviour is central to achieving the much desired ecologically balanced environment. Hence, a partly novel model informed by the theory of planned behaviour was used in the examination of forest land conversion for agricultural purposes. The study design was a cross-sectional survey targeted at a group of farmers of southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire among 320 randomly selected crop farmers. Independent samples t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the significance of difference in respondents' forest conversion behaviour across subgroups of gender and age/education, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of forest conversion behaviour. Results showed that 87.8% of respondents had ever engaged in forest conversion. Gender and education had no significant effect on forest conversion behaviour (p > 0.05), but age did (p < 0.05). Attitude was the best determinant (β = 0.289, r = 0.510, R 2 = 0.260, p < 0.001), subjective norm was better (β = 0.257, r = 0.496, R 2 = 0.055, p < 0.001), while perceived behavioural control was good (β = 0.131, r = 0.398, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.012, p < 0.005). The three variables correlated with intention by a degree of 57.2% (multiple R = 0.572), while they explained 32.7% of the variance in intention (R 2 =0.327). Intention was also found to be a significant determinant of behaviour (β = 0.222, r = 0.222, R 2 = 0.049, p < 0.001). Middle age predisposes to, whereas younger and older age protects against greater extent of forest conversion. The partly novel model derived from the theory of planned behaviour proves the likely viability of the pursuit of socio-psychologically predicated interventions to enthrone forest conservation.

The study was designed to investigate the involvement of the rural dwellers in livestock farming as a means of livelihood in Afijio Local Government area of Oyo State. Data were collected with the aid of well constructed questionnaire distributed to respondents selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis; Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between socio-economic factors and their level of involvement in livestock farming as a means of livelihood. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to examine the relationship between constraints and benefits of livestock farming to the livelihood of the respondents. The result of the study shows that majority of the respondents (59.8%) were male, Married (63.2%) with minimal of primary school education (35.9%). The analysis of the data reveals that most of the respondents in the study area are involved in livestock farming (60.7%) and mixed farming (85.5%) in most of the time. On the types of livestock, majority of them are into goat and poultry production. This study concludes that most of the respondents in the study area are already into livestock farming but at backyard small holder levels. It is therefore recommended that the rural dwellers should improved in their level of involvement in livestock farming through education and provision of necessary input by the concerned stakeholders.

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