Boko-Haram insurgency has drastically affected the supply and distribution of agricultural produce especially Cowpea from the Northeast Nigeria to the markets in southern part of Nigeria due to unwillingness of traders to embark on journey to the troubled zone for fear of attack from the insurgency. This study investigated the perceived effect of Boko Haram on available means of getting the stock from the trouble zone to the Bodija markets Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. All data were described and inferential statistics was employed to analyze the hypotheses. The finding revealed that the majority of the respondents were male in their active age and had more than 15 years experience in the cowpea marketing. Age (P = 0.013, χ 2 = 16.169), Tribe (χ 2 = 11.220, ≤0.05), Education (χ 2 = 17.049, ≤0.05), Experience in marketing (χ 2 =27.455, ≤0.05), means of accessing cowpea from insurgence zone to market (r = −0.241, ≤0.05) were significantly related to perceived effect of Boko-Haram insurgency on means of accessing cowpea among traders. The study concluded that the insurgence had a detrimental effect on means of accessing cowpea from the troubled zone to Bodija market. Therefore, the need to intensify efforts in curbing the menace by the government and formulation of policies that will discourage terrorism were advocated for reducing the effect insurgency on means of accessing cowpea and other food crops from the north to zones in the country.

Forest and the goods and services they provide are essential for human livelihood and wellbeing. An assessment on the likely impact of  deforestation on NTFPs along gender line is therefore imperative for effective adaptations for NTFPs collectors. The study examined the adaptive strategies to deforestation stress employed among NTFPs collectors across gender line in Oluwa Forest Reserve area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Data were collected with the aid of well-structured interview schedule on 181 NTFPs collectors (94 males and 87 females) and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The data targeted socio-economic characteristics, level of availability of (NTFPs) in the mist of deforestation currently and 30 years ago as well as adaptive strategiesemployed by the respondents in the study area. Findings revealed that average age of male and female respondents were 48 and 43 years, respectively. Bitter Kola, Kola Nut, Mango and Walnut were NTFPs available in abundant 30 years ago. In recent years, the study discovered that only Mango and Walnut were available in excess despite persistent deforestation in the study area. Deforestation impacted more on female collectors compared to their men counterpart. The finding also shows that female collectors employed more of domesticated NTFPs and indigenous protection methods as adaptive strategies against deforestation. The study recommended training on scientific domesticated system of planting (NTFPs) for both male and female NTFPs collectors as well as community policing to cope against deforestation in the study area. Key words: adaptive strategies, deforestation, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), gender

Practice of agriculture and other none forestry uses in forest reserves often generates conflict owing to the former's incompatibility with the latter. The need to identify the factors that triggers this conflict is germane to sustainable forest resources management. Thus, this paper report findings on various factors instigating land use conflicts in the high forest zone of Ondo state, Nigeria. Idanre and Oluwa forest reserves in the state were purposively selected for the study. Household counting was carried out in order to obtain a population in each settlement using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique. Fifty percent sampling intensity of individuals in settlements within and around the sites was used to select a total of 302 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using both interview schedule guide and focus group discussion. Means, frequency counts and percentages were employed for descriptive analysis while factor analysis was used to identify the various factors instigating land use conflicts. Majority of the respondents were male (80.8%), married (86.1%), Yorubas (69.9%), farmers (69.6%) with a mean age of 43 ± 7.9 years. Boundary dispute (X = 2.60), Resource control conflict (X = 2.31), Inheritance conflict (X = 2.11) as well as conflict between human/cultural and natural use (X = 1.66) were the major types of conflicts identified in the study area. Four major factors that amplified the causes of land use conflicts in the forest reserves were: Cultural (settling land dispute cultural values between different ethnic group and access to land ownership); Economic (desperate for short term monetary gain , unpaid rent to landlords and unauthorised sale of common or collectively owned land); Social factors (increase in number of people and several people claiming the same land), and Political factors (breach of contract with government and changes in government policies on the use of forest). How to cite this paper: Azeez, I.O. and Aluko, O.J. (2019) Analysis of Factors Instigating Land Use Conflicts in Selected Forest Reserves of Ondo State, Nigeria.

High prevalence of ectoparasites in the tropics and lack of access to veterinary services necessitated the use of indigenous practices in controlling ectoparasites among small ruminant farmers. This study was carried out to assess the utilization of indigenous practices in controlling ectoparasites among small ruminant farmers in Ido Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State. A multi stage sampling technique was used in selecting respondents for the study. One hundred and fifteen well- questionnaires administered to the farmers and 112 were recovered from the field. Descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency distribution and charts were used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. The results showed that the age 49-60 had the highest respondents (42.2%) followed by the age group of 36-48 years (28.4%). It also showed that majority of the respondents were female (66.7%). Some indigenous practices highly utilized in the study area included; the application of wild lettuce (ewe yanrin) on the affected parts of the animal (97%), Nuclea latifolin (ewe egbesi) 97% rubbing of liquid lime (osanwewe) on the affected part (93%). Chi Square was used to measure the relationship between respondents' selected socio-economic characteristics and their utilization. The Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) was used to measure the relationship between respondents, constraints (r=0.194, p=0.050), benefit (r=0.201, p0.043). Some of the constraints identified in the study area included inadequate useful information from extension agents, extinction of materials used and non-documentation of the leaves used while some of the benefits of the leaves includes ease of administration of the leaves, low cost of the leave, and accessibility were some of the benefit derive.

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