Nine Polish varieties of pea (P. sativum L.) differing in flower colour, from white to purple, were evaluated for chemical and amino acid composition and in vitro for predicted ileal digestibility of protein (pdN) and predicted digestibility of energy (pdE) for pigs. In selected varieties differing in tannin content the apparent metabolizable energy value corrected for zero N balance (AME N ), apparent digestibility of protein and fat and effect of enzymes reducing viscosity of digesta on this parameters were estimated in chickens; apparent metabolizable energy value (AME), true digestibility and biological value of protein was determined in rats.Tannin content had most pronounced negative effect on protein digestibility in chicken (r= -0.93; PO.05) and rats (r= -0.89; PO.05), pdN for pigs (r= -0.98; PO.001) as well as AME N for chicken (r= -0.99; PO.001) and AME for rats (r= -0.95; PO.01), while nutrient content in peas had no significant effect on measured parameters. AME N values of pea did not depend on supplementation of pea-containing diet with xylanase.Seeds of coloured-flowered cultivars, which are rich in tannins are less effectively utilized by monogastric animals than white-flowered ones. The degree of decline in nutrient utilization depends on tannin content in the seeds, which is correlated with the colour of the flowers.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA) and/or selenium (Se) on the body mass gain of rats, feed intake, and the levels of CLA isomers and some other fatty acids in the femoral muscle. Rat diets enriched in Se, the trans-10,cis-12 isomer and mixtures of the CLA isomers (regardless Se supplementation) tended to decrease body mass gain compared with control rats, while simultaneously supplementation with Se and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer resulted in the highest increase. A mixture of CLA isomers and/or Se supplementation, and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer decreased feed intake, whereas the cis-9,trans-11 isomer, regardless of Se supplementation, only slightly influence of feed intake. Enriching diets with CLA isomers increased their level in muscles as well as the level of non-CLA isomers containing conjugated double bonds (CD). In rats receiving simultaneously Se and mixtures of the CLA isomers or individual CLA isomers the CLA isomers and CD levels in muscles were higher compared with rats fed only the CLA isomers. Rats fed individual isomers or their mixture showed minute changes in C8:0 and C10:0 concentrations in muscles, while the C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0 contents were generally lower. A small increase in C10:0 and C16:0 content was found in rats fed the trans-10,cis-12 isomer. Supplementing Se to diets enriched in CLA isomers usually resulted in an increase in the saturated fatty acid content in muscles in comparison with rats fed only CLA isomers. The linoleic acid content in muscles was enhanced by the Se supplemented diets enriched in the trans-10,cis-12 isomer or in the 2% CLA isomer mixture, although 1% mixture of the CLA isomers or the cis-9,trans-11 isomer dosed simultaneously with Se also increased the level of linoleic acid, albeit insignificantly. The Se supplemented diet enriched 184 CLA IN MUSCLES OF RATS FED CLA ISOMERS AND SE in the trans-10,cis-12 isomer or 2% mixture of the CLA isomers produced the highest increase of γ-linolenic acid, the total fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in rat muscle.

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and/or selenium (as Na 2 SeO 4) on rat growth performance and levels of some fatty acids (FA) in femoral muscles and perigonadal fat were investigated. Feeding a mixture of CLA isomers, the trans-10,cis-12 isomer, or selenium (Se) tended to decrease the rats' body weight compared with the control animals, whereas a diet supplemented with both Se and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer produced the highest increase in body weight gain and the highest feed conversion efficiency. None of the experimental diets had any influence on brain, kidney, pancreas, or liver weight, while they significantly increased spleen mass. The administered CLA isomers significantly increased the contents of CLA isomers and non-CLA fatty acids containing conjugated double bonds (CD) in the assayed tissues. Se and individual CLA isomers or their mixture increased the CLA isomer and CD contents in muscles, while feeding only the cis-9, trans-11 isomer and Se resulted in an increase in CD and sum of all CLA isomers in fat. These results demonstrate that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer is preferentially driven through the β-oxidation pathway in muscles and fat compared with the cis-9,trans-11 isomer. CLA isomers added to Se-unsupplemented or-supplemented diets increased the levels of total FA in muscles only, while decreased the level of total assayed saturated FA in fat. Feeding Se and individual CLAs or a mixture of these isomers resulted in increasing both the sum of cis-monounsaturated FA (cis-MUFA), CD and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in muscles, but generally resulted in decreasing the level of total saturated FA, cis-MUFA and PUFA in fat. The interaction between Se and a mixture of CLA isomers or the trans-10,cis-12 isomer most effectively protected CLA isomers from peroxidation damage and/or catabolism in muscles.

The influence of selenium (as Na 2 SeO 4 ) and/or conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) on relative body mass gain of rats, liver weight, concentrations of CLA isomers and of other fatty acids in the rat liver were investigated. Feeding selenium (Se) and/or CLA resulted in small changes in the relative body mass and liver mass gain of rats. The administered CLA isomers significantly elevated the concentration of CLA isomers and non-CLA fatty acids containing conjugated double bonds (CFA) in the liver. Addition of Se to a diet enriched in CLA isomers generally stimulated the accumulation of CLA isomers and CFA in the liver. Our results demonstrate that the trans-trans CLA isomers are catabolized more slowly and are poor substrates for β-oxidation. The cis-trans/trans-cis CLA isomers are rapidly metabolized to form longer-chain fatty acids containing conjugated double bonds, and are partly β-oxidized. Dietary supplementation to 1% of a mixture of CLA isomers or individual CLA isomers, regardless of the presence of Se in the diets, resulted in a reduction of the sum of all assayed fatty acids, saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA and MUFA. Our study demonstrated that dietary CLA isomers, regardless of the presence Se in the diet, caused a reduction in Δ9-desaturase capacity, inhibited steaoryl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression, and fatty acid synthesis. As a result, the value of the concentration ratio of oleic acid to C18:0 (i.e. R C18:0/oleic acid -Δ9-desaturase index) in the liver of rats fed the experimental diets increased.

The chemical composition and nutritional value of yellow (Juno and Popiel), blue (Emir and Sur) and white (Wat and Bardo) Polish sweet lupin varieties were compared. The effects of enzyme preparations, Energex and Bio-Feed Plus, on the hydrolysis of the seed components in vitro and of Energex and Alpha-Gal on the nutritional value of lupin for broiler chickens, were evaluated.The protein content was the highest in the yellow lupins (44%), while that of fat in the white (9%). The alkaloid content ranged from 0.23 to 1.3 g/kg DM. The metabolizable energy (AME N ) as determined on 4-week old chicks, was the highest in Bardo, the lowest in Emir (11.2 and 8.4 MJ/kg DM, respectively).The apparent protein and fat digestibility of lupins determined on 4-week old chicks did not differ among cultivars and averaged 84 and 73%, respectively. Relatively large differences in digestibility of carbohydrate fractions were noted among cultivars (e.g. NFE from 0 to 23.9%; CF from 0 to 20%).The growth performance of broiler chicks fed between day 8-29 of life on isoprotein and isocaloric diets containing 15 and 30% lupin was determined. At the 15% inclusion level only Wat significantly lowered performance indices, however, at the 30% level these indices decreased significantly for all cultivars except Bardo.In vitro, Energex increased the degree of hydrolysis of NDF and ADF in Wat by 19 and 10%, respectively, and increased the solubility of protein of all lupin cultivars by 12%, on average. In vitro Energex increased the AME N value of Juno, Emir, Sur and Wat by about 1.5 MJ/kg DM and Alpha-Gal acted only on blue lupins (1.6 MJ/kg DM). However, supplementation of diets containing 23% of Juno and Emir seeds with 0.1% of Energex or Alpha-Gal did not improve the performance of the birds in a 3-week experiment.