Background: The upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is defi ned as bleeding within the intraluminal gastrointestinal tract from any location between the upper oesophagus to the duodenum at the ligament of Treitz. It is one of the important medical emergencies worldwide. Objective: The objective of this study is to study the aetiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on endoscopic examination fi ndings in patients of various demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study. The endoscopic record book from 2007 January to 2009 October was reviewed for all the cases who underwent oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopic examination for upper GI bleeding. The clinico-epidemiological data of all the patients was reviewed and analyzed in concert with the aetiology of bleeding. Results: A total of 90 patients (58 males, 32 females; mean age 45.32+ 18.47 years) of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was studied and analyzed in terms of aetiology of bleeding and demographic profi le. Among the ethnic groups, Aryan 46 (51%) was the most common ethnic group to have upper GI bleeding followed by Newars 24 (27%), Mongolians 16 (18%), Dalits 3 (3%) and others 1 (1%). Out of 90 patients, 47( 52.2%) cases was less than 45 years of age, 30(33.3%) of 46 to 65 age ; and 13(14.4 %) more than 65 years of age. Gastric ulcer 23(25.6%) was the most common endoscopic fi nding, followed by oesophageal varices 14 (15.6%), acute erosive/haemorrhagic gastropathy 11 (12.2%), duodenal ulcer 9(10%), growth 7(7.8%), vascular lesions 3(3.3%), Mallory-Weiss tear 1(1.1%), fundal varices 1(1.1%) and, no cause was identifi ed in 21(23.3%) cases. The peptic ulcer bleeding was the most common fi nding in Aryan 22(47.9%), whereas oesophageal varices and growth were more common in Newar 7(29.2%) and 3 (12.5%) respectively. Conclusion: Peptic ulcer disease is the most common cause of upper GI bleeding which was most commonly found in Aryan population; followed by oesophageal varices and growth as second and third most common causes and were more prevalent in Newar and Mongolian people.

Analysis of bamboo species namely B. balcooa obtained from the Sindhuli district of Nepal was carried out. Phytochemical analysis between the stem and leaves extract in six solvent was carried out. Highest yield of 34.55% of B. balcooa leaves in methanol as extracting solvent was obtained. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of sterols, coumarins, reducing sugar, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, and other polyphenolic compounds. Pharmacological analysis of methanol B. balcooa leaves extract revealed anti- ulcer activity of (14.66% protective ratio). The data are expressed as Mean ±SD which were further subject statistical analysis using Origin Pro and SPSS. Kathmandu UniversityJournal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 12, No. 2, 2016, page: 88-95

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