In recent years\ considerable emphasis has been placed on the devel! opment of molecular markers to be used for a variety of objectives[ This review attempts to give an account of di}erent molecular markers * restriction fragment length polymorphisms "RFLPs#\ random ampli_ed polymorphic DNAs "RAPDs#\ sequence!tagged sites "STS#\ DNA ampli_cation _ngerprinting "DAF#\ ampli_ed fragment length poly! morphisms "AFLPs# and microsatellites "STMS# * currently available for genome mapping and for tagging di}erent traits in wheat[ Other markers\ including microsatellite!primed polymerase chain reaction "MP!PCR#\ expressed sequence tags "ESTs# and single nucleotide poly! morphisms "SNPs# are also discussed[ Recent information on synteny in cereal genomes\ marker!assisted selection\ marker validation and their relevance to cereal breeding in general and wheat breeding in particular are also examined[

The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Umbelliferone (UMB) in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male albino rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 180-200 g, by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats showed an increase in levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and a decrease in levels of plasma insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), and liver glycogen and activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Intraperitoneal administration of UMB (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg of body weight) and glibenclamide (600 micro g/kg of body weight) in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide dissolved in water, for 45 days, produced significantly decreased levels of blood glucose and HbA(1c) and activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, while elevating levels of plasma insulin, Hb, and liver glycogen and activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to near normal levels in STZ-diabetic rats when compared with normal control rats. Normal rats treated with UMB (30 mg/kg of body weight) also showed a significant effect on glycemic control. Thus, our results show that UMB at 30 mg/kg of body weight possesses a promising antihyperglycemic effect that is comparable with glibenclamide.

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