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This paper reported trends in mortality, incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart attack, angina and heart failure over the past 50 years. Methods Mortality data were provided by the UK national statistics agencies. For morbidity data we reviewed the peer-reviewed and grey literature for comparable estimates from different time points over the last 50 years. Results Around half of the UK population died from CVD in the 1960s; by 2009 this had dropped to a third. CHD mortality rates have remained 30%e40% higher in Scotland than in England since 1961. Incidence rates for heart attack have decreased since the 1960s, while survival has improved; prevalence in those over 75 has increased by around 40% since the mid-1990s. Over the past 20 years heart failure incidence decreased by over a third in Scotland. Between 1970 and 1991, prevalence of angina nearly tripled for men over 75 and has continued to rise. Conclusion Mortality from CVD has declined over the past 50 years, but striking geographic inequalities have remained. Incidence of two major CVD conditions have declined, but continuing increases in prevalence and an ageing population mean that the burden of CVD is still a major issue for the UK. Introduction Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries presenting to emergency departments, representing 3% to 5% of all visits in the UK, and 10% of all injury-related visits in the USA. Ankle injuries have significant physical and economic consequences for the affected individuals. Objectives To describe the epidemiology of ankle sprains and fractures among the general population; and to determine the direct and indirect costs related to the diagnosis and treatment of ankle injuries. Methods A comprehensive literature review of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane DSR, ACP Journal Club, AMED, Ovid Healthstar, and CINAHL was conducted for English-language studies on ankle sprains and fractures published from 1980 to 2010. Results The search identified 2394 studies of which 47 were selected for analysis. A majority of the studies were published in the last decade. The incidence of ankle sprains was 2 to 7 per 1000 personyears, while the incidence of ankle fractures was 1 per 1000 personyears. The costs of emergency ankle sprain management ranged from 126.13 to 2356.21 per patient (2009 CAD), depending on sprain severity. The management costs were higher for ankle fractures: 1692.82 to 15 802.26 (2009 CAD) per patient. The economic evaluations were conducted from the societal or healthcare system perspective. Conclusions Information on the epidemiology of ankle sprains and fractures may help plan for health policy and the provision of health services. Moreover, the cost data may inform future studies undertaking economic evaluations of the diagnosis and treatment of ankle injuries. Introduction Iron deficiency anaemia still affects a quarter of the world's population increasing risk of infectious disease morbidity, impaired growth and mental development. According to current policy children...

Introduction Primary bone cancers (PBC) occur most often in young people. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma family of bone tumours (ESFT) are the most common sub-groups but aetiology remains unclear. Some childhood cancer rates are known to vary with socioeconomic status. Therefore, this study examined geographical patterning in osteosarcoma and ESFT incidence, diagnosed in 0e49 year olds in Great Britain (GB) during 1980e2005. The analysis focussed on putative associations with area characteristics including deprivation and population density (PD). Methods Data were obtained from all regional cancer registries in GB. Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between incidence rates with PD and Townsend deprivation score (TDS). These models were fitted to small-area census data aggregated by three age bands (0e14, 15e29 and 30e49 years) and gender with the logarithm of the 'at-risk' population as an offset. Results There were 2566 osteosarcoma cases and 1650 ESFT cases. After adjustment for age and gender osteosarcoma incidence demonstrated a negative association with TDS (RR for one unit increase in deprivation level ¼0.975; 95% CI 0.963 to 0.986). ESFT incidence showed a negative association with PD (RR for increase of one person/ hectare ¼0.981; 95% CI 0.972 to 0.989) and non-car ownership (RR for 1% increase of non-car ownership ¼0.996; 95% CI 0.993 to 1.000). Conclusion More deprived areas have lower osteosarcoma incidence. Higher ESFT incidence is associated with lower PD and higher car ownership levels. Both factors are rural area characteristics. Further study of environmental exposures or land use is recommended. Introduction Brazilian families' expenditure with health achieves high proportion of their incomes, especially to purchase medicines. The aim of this study was to investigate the associated factors with the proportion of income spent to purchase medicines in adults from 20 to 59 years of age. Methods A cross sectional population-based study (n¼1720) was carried out in Florianópolis, Brazil, 2009. Commitment of 10% or more of family income (C10) with medicines expenditure (yes/no) was considered the outcome. Gender, age, skin colour, schooling, per capita family income, self-reported chronic diseases, hospitalisation in the last year, family health program coverage, and self-rated health were the exploratory variables. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained through Poisson regression analyses. P1-98 INEQUALITIES IN MEDICINES EXPENDITURE AMONG ADULTS: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN SOUTH OF BRAZILResults The prevalence of the C10 was 12.2% (95% CI 10.4 to 13.9) and it was higher among women (PR 1.59, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.18),

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